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美国版图及各州州名 American territory and state state name 美利坚合众国（United States of America）是一个由五十个州和一个联邦直辖特区组成的宪政联邦共和制国家。 United States of America (United States of America) is a 50 state and Territory SAR form a federal constitutional federal republic. 其东濒大西洋 ，西临太平洋 ，北靠加拿大 ，南接墨西哥 。 The east near the Atlantic Ocean , west Pacific, the north, Canada , south of Mexico . 美国国土面积超过962万平方公里，位居全球第四；其人口总量也超过三亿人，少于中国和印度。 The United States more than 9.62 million square kilometers of land area, ranking fourth in the world; its total population has more than 300 million people, less than China and India. 1776年7月4日 ， 大陆会议在费城正式通过《 独立宣言 》，宣告美国诞生。 1776 July 4 , the Continental Congress in Philadelphia formally adopted " The Declaration of Independence , "declaring the United States was born. 自1870年代以来，美国国民经济就高居全球第一。 Since the 1870s, the U.S. ranks first in the world economy on. 今天的美国则是联合国安理会五个常任理事国之一，其在全球的政治、经济、军事、娱乐等众多领域的庞大影响力更是其他国家所无法匹敌的。 America today is the United Nations Security Council five permanent members of one of its global political, economic, military, entertainment and many other fields is a huge influence on other countries can not match. 中文名称： Chinese name: 美利坚合众国 United States of America 英文名称： English name: United States of America United States of America 简称： Abbreviations: 美国、USA United States, USA 所属洲： Respective continents: 北美洲 North America 首都： Capital: 华盛顿哥伦比亚特区 Washington, DC 主要城市： Major cities: 纽约市、 洛杉矶 、 芝加哥 、 休斯敦 New York City, Los Angeles , Chicago , Houston 国庆日： National Day: 1776年7月4日 1776 7 4 days 国歌： National Anthem: 《 星条旗永不落 》 " Stars and Stripes Forever " 国家代码： Country code: USA USA 官方语言： Official language: 无 No 货币： Currency: 美元 (USD) U.S. dollar (USD) 时区： Time Zone: 西五区至西十区 West, Central West District 10 政治体制： Political system: 总统制共和制 Presidential republic 国家领袖： National leaders: 贝拉克·奥巴马 、 约瑟夫·拜登 、 南希· 佩洛西 Barack Obama , Joseph Biden , Nancy Pelosi 人口数量： Population: 3.07179亿(2009年) 3.07179 billion (2009) 人口密度： Population density: 32人/平方公里(2009年) 32 people / sq km (2009) 主要民族： Main ethnic: 白人 、拉美裔、非洲裔、 亚裔 White , Hispanic, African American, Asian 主要宗教： Major religions: 新教 、 天主教 、 摩门教 、 犹太教 Protestant , Catholic , Mormon , Jewish 国土面积： Land area: 9,629,091平方公里 9,629,091 sq km 水域率： Water rate: 6.76% 6.76% GDP总计： GDP Total: 14.2662万亿美元(2009年) 14.2662 trillion (in 2009) 人均GDP： Per capita GDP: 46,442.664美元(2009年) 46,442.664 million (2009) 国际电话区号： International telephone code: +1 +1 国际域名缩写： International Domain abbreviations: .us .gov .mil .edu . Us. Gov. Mil. Edu 道路通行： Road access: 靠右行驶 KEEP RIGHT 基尼系数： Gini coefficient: 0.450(2007年) 0.450 (2007) 人类发展指数： Human development index: 0.942(极高，2007年) 0.942 (high, 2007) 国花： Flower: 玫瑰花 Rose 国石： State Stone: 蓝宝石 Sapphire 国鸟： State bird: 白头海雕 Bald Eagle 目录 一、基本概况 A basic overview 二、地理环境 Second, the geographical environment 气候 Climate 水系 Water 生物 Biological 资源 Resources 三、历史沿革 Third, history 殖民时期以前 Before the colonial period 殖民时期 The colonial period 独立运动 Independence Movement 组成新政府 Form a new government 向西扩张 Westward expansion 南北战争 Civil War 工业化与改革 Industrialization and Reform 世界的新地位 New status of the world 大萧条和第二次世界大战 Great Depression and World War II 冷战结束 Cold War 恐怖袭击与反恐政策 Terrorist attacks and counter-terrorism policy 四、政府政治 Fourth, the government and political 行政区划 Administrative Division 政党 Political party 外交 Diplomacy 军事 Military 五、经济科学 Fifth, economic science 财政金融 Fiscal and financial 交通运输 Transportation 科学技术 Science and Technology 六、人口结构 6, the population structure 城市 City 人口 Population 教育 Education 宗教 Religion 社会福利 Social Welfare 医疗卫生 Health 七、文化艺术 VII, arts and culture 文化与自然遗产 Cultural and Natural Heritage 音乐 Music 文学 Literature 影视戏剧 Television Drama 体育运动 Sports 新闻出版 News Publishing 节日 Festival 一、基本概况 A basic overview 二、地理环境 Second, the geographical environment 气候 Climate 水系 Water 生物 Biological 资源 Resources 三、历史沿革 Third, history 殖民时期以前 Before the colonial period 殖民时期 The colonial period 独立运动 Independence Movement 组成新政府 Form a new government 向西扩张 Westward expansion 南北战争 Civil War 工业化与改革 Industrialization and Reform 世界的新地位 New status of the world 大萧条和第二次世界大战 Great Depression and World War II 冷战结束 Cold War 恐怖袭击与反恐政策 Terrorist attacks and counter-terrorism policy 四、政府政治 Fourth, the government and political 行政区划 Administrative Division 政党 Political party 外交 Diplomacy 军事 Military 五、经济科学 Fifth, economic science 财政金融 Fiscal and financial 交通运输 Transportation 科学技术 Science and Technology 六、人口结构 6, the population structure 城市 City 人口 Population 教育 Education 宗教 Religion 社会福利 Social Welfare 医疗卫生 Health 七、文化艺术 VII, arts and culture 文化与自然遗产 Cultural and Natural Heritage 音乐 Music 文学 Literature 影视戏剧 Television Drama 体育运动 Sports 新闻出版 News Publishing 节日 Festival 一、基本概况 A basic overview 国名 Country name 美利坚合众国（United States of America） [1] United States of America (United States of America) [1] [2] [2] [3] [3] ，简称美国（USA） ，英语亦常称之为United States、US、USA、The States或者America。 , Referred to as the United States (USA), English fairly frequently called United States, US, USA, The States or America. 中文旧称花旗国 ， 绰号 “ 山姆大叔 ”（"Uncle Sam"） [4] Chinese formerly United States States , nicknamed " Uncle Sam "(" Uncle Sam ") [4] 。 . 始建于1833年的华盛顿纪念碑与美国国旗 Founded in 1833, the Washington Monument and American flag 国旗 National flag 美国国旗别称“ 星条旗 ”（The Stars and Stripes）、“古老的光荣 ”（Old Glory） [5] American flag , known as " Stars and Stripes "(The Stars and Stripes)," old glory "(Old Glory) [5] 和"The Star-Spangled Banner"。 And "The Star-Spangled Banner". 旗呈横长方形，长与宽之比为19:10。 Cross flag was rectangular, the length and width ratio of 19:10. 旗面左上角为蓝色星区，区内共有9排50颗白色五角星 ，以一排6颗、一排5颗交错。 The top left corner for the blue star flag surface area is 9 row 50 white five-pointed star , with a row of 6, a row of five interlaced. 星区以外是13道红白相间的条纹。 Star area is outside the 13 red and white stripes. 50颗星代表美国50个州，13道条纹代表最初北美13块殖民地 。 50 stars on behalf of the 50 states, 13 stripes represent the original North American 13 colonies . 据华盛顿说：红色条纹象征英国， 白色条纹象征脱离它而获得自由。 According to Washington, said: The red stripes symbolize the United Kingdom, the white stripes symbolize the freedom from it. 更普遍的说法认为，红色象征勇气 ，白色象征自由，蓝色则象征忠诚和正义 。 More general argument that the red symbolizes courage , white stands for the freedom, the blue symbolizes loyalty and justice . 每年6月14日为“美国国旗制定纪念日”。 Each year on June 14 as "Day to develop the American flag." 在这一天，美国各地举行纪念活动，以示对国旗的敬重和对合众国的热爱。 On this day, commemorated throughout the United States to show the flag the respect and love for America. 国徽 National emblem 印在一美元钞票上的美国国徽 U.S. dollar bills printed in the United States national emblem 美国国徽外围为两个同心圆，内有一只白头海雕 （ 秃鹰 ）雄踞中央，双翼展开，其右爪握一束橄榄枝 ，左爪握13支利箭，尖嘴中叼着一条飘带，上用拉丁文写着“合众为一”（E Pluribus Unum）。 United States national emblem of two concentric circles outside, there are a Bald Eagle ( bald eagle ) ports of the central, wings to start, holding a bouquet of its Youzhao olive branch , Zuo Zhao hold 13 sharp arrow, dangling from a ribbon in beak, the Latin words "Triangle is a" (E Pluribus Unum). 秃鹰的胸前是一枚盾形纹章，纹章上部是蓝色横纹，下部是红白相间的竖纹，象征美国国旗。 Condor's chest is a coat of arms, coat of arms is a blue striped top, bottom is red and white Shu Wen, a symbol of the American flag. 秃鹰的上方是蓝色天空中13颗星，四周光芒万道，环绕着云朵组成的图案。 Condor is the blue sky above the 13 stars, surrounded by light 10 000, around the clouds form patterns. 美国秃鹰象征着至高无上的统治权；橄榄枝和箭象征决定和平与战争的权力；秃鹰上方的群星图案象征着拥有主权的新生共和国。 American bald eagle symbolizes the supreme right to rule; olive branch and arrows symbolize the power of peace and war decisions; Condor stars above the logo symbolizes the sovereignty of the new Republic. 格言 Motto In God We Trust （ 英语 ：我们信仰上帝，1956年—今）（官方格言）； In God We Trust ( English : We believe in God, 1956 - present) (official motto); E Pluribus Unum （ 拉丁语 ：合众为一，1776年—今）（传统格言） E Pluribus Unum ( Latin : Triangle is a, 1776 - present) (traditional sayings) 国歌 National anthem 《 星条旗永不落 》（The Star-Spangled Banner），曾译《星条旗之歌》，由美国律师弗朗西斯·斯科特·基（Francis Scott Key）作词，美国作曲家约翰·斯塔福德·史密斯（John Stafford Smith）作曲。 " Stars and Stripes Forever "(The Star-Spangled Banner), who translated" Song of the Stars and Stripes ", by the American lawyer Francis Scott Key (Francis Scott Key) Authors, American composer约翰斯塔福德Smith (John Stafford Smith) composition. 《星条旗永不落》于1931年被美国国会正式定为国歌。 "Stars and Stripes Forever" in 1931 by the U.S. Congress officially designated as the national anthem. 首都 Capital 华盛顿哥伦比亚特区 （District of Columbia），城市人口59.97万（2009年），都会区人口530万。 Washington, DC (District of Columbia), urban population 599,700 (2009), metropolitan area population of 5.3 million. 城市面积177.0平方公里[6] Urban area of 177.0 square kilometers [6] 。 . 最大城市 Largest city 纽约市（City of New York），美国第一大城市（1790年—今）和第一大商港，世界金融中心之一。 New York City (City of New York), the first U.S. city (1790 - present) and the largest commercial port, one of the world's financial center. 城市人口836.37万（2008年，美国城市第1名），面积1,214.4平方公里； 大都会人口1,900.68万，面积17,405平方公里[7] Population 8,363,700 (2008, No. 1 U.S. cities), an area 1,214.4 square kilometers; metropolitan populations 1,900.68 million, an area of 17,405 square kilometers [7] 。 . 语言 Language 无法定官方语言 [8] Can not be the official language [8] 。 . 英语是事实上的国家语言（21,480万人，82.1%）。 English is the de facto national language (21,480 million, 82.1%). 其他主要语言有西班牙语 （2970万，10.7%）、 汉语 （300万）、 法语 （140万）、 塔加洛语 （130万）、 越南语 （110万）、 德语 （110万）。 Other major languages are Spanish (29.7 million, 10.7%), Chinese (300 million), French (1.4 million), Tajia Luo language (130 million), Vietnamese (1.1 million), German (1.1 million). 此外，还有其他336种语言在美国被使用，其中176种为本地语言。 In addition, there are other 336 kinds of languages used in the United States, including 176 local languages. 政府 Government 政治体制为宪政联邦共和制（Federal constitutional republic）。 Political system for the constitutional federal republic (Federal constitutional republic). 美国44任（第56届）总统贝拉克·奥巴马 （Barack Hussein Obama），2009年1月20日宣誓就职；副总统约瑟夫·拜登 （Joe Biden）；国务卿希拉里·克林顿 （Hillary Clinton）；国防部长罗伯特·盖茨 （Robert Gates）；财政部长蒂莫西·盖特纳 （Timothy Franz Geithner）；商务部长骆家辉 （Gary Faye Locke）； 众议院议长南希· 佩洛西 （Nancy Pelosi）；首席大法官约翰·罗伯茨 （John G. Roberts Jr.）。 U.S. 44th (56th) President Barack Obama (Barack Hussein Obama), 2009年1月20 inauguration; Vice President Joseph Biden (Joe Biden); Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (Hillary Clinton) ; Secretary of Defense Robert Gates (Robert Gates); Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner (Timothy Franz Geithner); Commerce Secretary Gary Locke (Gary Faye Locke); House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (Nancy Pelosi); Chief Justice John Roberts (John G. Roberts Jr.). 独立 Independent 1776年7月4日 （ 美国独立日 ）。 1776, July 4 ( Independence Day ). 大陆会议在费城正式通过《 独立宣言 》，在独立战争后， 1783年 9月3日，美国与英国签订《 巴黎条约 》，英国承认美国独立 。 Continental Congress in Philadelphia formally adopted " Declaration of Independence "in the War of Independence , the 1783 September 3, the United States and Britain signed a " Treaty of Paris ", the British recognized American independence . 国土面积 Land area 中国数据：美国国土面积9,629,091平方公里（世界国家和地区第3名，次于俄罗斯 、 加拿大 、 中华人民共和国 ； 中华人民共和国国家统计局 、 中华人民共和国外交部 ），其中陆地面积915.8960万平方公里，本土东西长4,500公里，南北宽2,700公里，海岸线长22,680公里； [9] China Data: The United States land area of 9,629,091 square kilometers (countries and regions in the world 3rd, behind Russia , Canada , The People's Republic of China ; The People's Republic of China National Bureau of Statistics , Ministry of Foreign Affairs ), in which the land area of 915.8960 square kilometers 4,500 km from east to west mainland, north to south 2,700 km coastline of 22,680 km; [9] [6] [6] 美国数据：美国国土面积为9,826,675平方公里（ 美国中央情报局 ，世界国家和地区第3名，次于俄罗斯、加拿大）。 U.S. data: U.S. land area is 9,826,675 square kilometers ( the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency , the world No. 3 countries and regions, behind Russia, Canada). 其中，陆地面积9,161,966平方公里，水域面积664,709平方公里； [10] Among them, the land area of 9,161,966 sq km water area of 664,709 square kilometers; [10] [11] [11] 或为9,629,091平方公里（美国国家总审计局，世界国家和地区第4名，次于俄罗斯、加拿大、 中国 ）。 Or 9,629,091 square kilometers (National General Accounting Office, the world's countries and regions in the first four, behind Russia, Canada, China ). 人口 Population 3.07179亿（2009年，世界国家和地区第3名， 国际货币基金组织 ，次于中国、 印度 ）， [12] 3.07179 billion (in 2009, the world's countries and regions in the first three, the International Monetary Fund , behind China, India ), [12] [13] [13] 人口密度 32人/平方公里（世界国家和地区第178名，次于津巴布韦 、 纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫 ）。 Population density 32 people / square kilometer (the world first 178 countries and territories, behind Zimbabwe , Nagorno - Karabakh ). 国内生产总值 （ 购买力平价 ） GDP ( purchasing power parity ) 14.266万亿美元（2009年，世界国家和地区第1名，国际货币基金组织）。 14.266 trillion U.S. dollars (in 2009, the world No. 1 countries and regions, the International Monetary Fund). [14] [14] 人均国内生产总值 46,443美元（世界国家和地区第6名，国际货币基金组织，次于文莱 、 新加坡 ）。 GDP per capita 46,443 dollars (World No. 6 countries and regions, the International Monetary Fund, inferior to Brunei , Singapore ). [15] [15] 国内生产总值（名义） GDP (nominal) 14.266万亿美元（2009年， 世界国家和地区第1名，国际货币基金组织）。 14.266 trillion U.S. dollars (in 2009, the world's countries and regions in the first one, the International Monetary Fund). 人均国内生产总值46,443美元（世界国家和地区第9名，国际货币基金组织，次于荷兰 、 阿拉伯联合酋长国 ）。 USD 46,443 per capita gross domestic product (world No. 9 countries and regions, the International Monetary Fund, behind the Netherlands , the United Arab Emirates ). [15] [15] 基尼系数 Gini coefficient 0.463（2007年） [10] 0.463 (2007) [10] 人类发展指数 Human Development Index 0.942（极高，2007年，世界国家和地区第13名，次于卢森堡 、 芬兰 ） [16] 0.942 (very high, in 2007, the world's first 13 countries and regions, behind Luxembourg , Finland ) [16] 货币 Currency 美元 （United States Dollar，USD）（$） USD (United States Dollar, USD) ($) 时区 Time zone 西五区至西十区。 West, Central and West 10 area. 夏时制为西四区至西十区。 Daylight saving time for the West to West 10 areas in four districts. 东部时区（EST，西五区）、中部时区（CST，西六区）、山地时区（MST，西七区）、太平洋时区（PST，西八区）、阿拉斯加时区（AKST，西九区）、夏威夷时区（HST，西十区）。 Eastern time zone (EST, West V Region), Central Time Zone (CST, West six districts), Mountain Time Zone (MST, seven West Region), the Pacific time zone (PST, Western 8 Region), Alaska Time Zone (AKST, West Kowloon District), Hawaii Time Zone (HST, the West 10 area). 国花 Flower 玫瑰花 。 Roses . 1985年经参议院通过定为国花。 1985 by the Senate adopted as the national flower. 国石 Country rock 蓝宝石 Sapphire 国鸟 State Bird 白头海雕（秃鹰）。 Bald Eagle (bald eagle). 美国是世界上最先确定国鸟的国家。 The United States is the world's first country to determine national bird. 1782年6月20日 ，大陆会议（Continental Congress）获许可采用部分为美国设计的国徽 ，包括：一只白头海雕正在抓住箭和用它的爪抓住橄榄树枝的国徽。 1782 June 20 , the Continental Congress (Continental Congress) authorized by section designed for the U.S. national emblem , including: a bald eagle is to seize the arrow and use its claws to seize the olive branch of the national emblem. 二、地理环境 Second, the geographical environment 黄石国家公园大稜镜温泉:全球首个国家公园 Yellowstone National Park hot springs big prism: the world's first national park 美国本土位于北美洲中部，领土还包括北美洲西北部的阿拉斯加和太平洋中部的夏威夷群岛等。 United States located in North Central, Northwest Territories include North America, Alaska and Pacific Central Hawaiian Islands and so on. 其北与加拿大接壤，南靠墨西哥湾 ，西临太平洋，东濒大西洋 。 The North and the Canadian border, south through the Gulf of Mexico , west of the Pacific Ocean on the east Atlantic . 海岸线22,680公里。 Coastline of 22,680 kilometers. 大部分地区属于温带大陆性气候 ，南部属亚热带气候，西部沿海地区分布有温带海洋性气候和地中海气候。 Most of the region is temperate continental climate , subtropical climate in southern and western coastal areas of temperate marine climate and the distribution of the Mediterranean climate. 中北部平原（中央大平原）温差很大， 芝加哥 1月平均气温-3℃，7月24℃；墨西哥湾沿岸1月平均气温11℃，7月28℃。 North Central Plains (Central Plains) large temperature difference, in Chicago in January the average temperature of -3 ℃, 7月24 ℃; the Gulf Coast in January the average temperature of 11 ℃, 7月28 ℃. [1] [1] 全国最低点为死亡谷 （Death Valley，-86 米），最高点为麦金利山 （Mount Mckinley，6,198 米）。 The lowest point of Death Valley (Death Valley, -86 meters), the highest point Mount McKinley (Mount Mckinley, 6,198 m). 气候 Climate 美国几乎有着世界上所有的气候类型（地跨寒、温、热三带，本土处于温带 ），在主要农业地带少有严重的干旱发生、 洪水泛滥也并不常见，并且有着温和而又能取得足够降雨量的气温。 The United States had almost all the world's climate types (across cold, warm, hot three zones, local in temperate ), in the main agricultural areas rarely severe droughts occur, flooding and flooding is not common, and has a mild and obtained The temperature sufficient rainfall. 影响美国气候的主要是北极气流，每年从太平洋带来了大规模的低气压，这些低气压在通过内华达山脉 、 洛矶山脉 、和喀斯喀特山脉时夹带了大量水分，当这些气压到达中部大平原时便能进行重组，导致主要的气团相遇而带来激烈的大雷雨，尤其是在春季和夏季。 Affect the U.S. climate is mainly arctic air, brought from the Pacific each year large-scale low pressure, the low pressure through the Sierra Nevada , Rocky Mountains , and Cascade mountain ranges when the entrainment of large amounts of water, when the pressure reaches the central Great Plains can then restructure, leading to the main air masses meet and brought intense thunderstorms, especially in the spring and summer. 有时这些暴雨可能与其他的低气压会合，继续前往东海岸和大西洋，并会演变为更激烈的东北风暴 （Nor'easter），在美国东北的中大西洋区域和新英格兰形成广泛而沉重的降雪。 Sometimes rain may be joined with other low pressure, continue to the East Coast and the Atlantic, and will evolve into a more intense Northeast storm (Nor'easter), in the United States in the Northeast Atlantic region and New England wide and heavy snow formation. 大平原广阔无比的草原也形成了许多世界上最极端的气候转变现象。 Great plains with vast grasslands also formed many of the world's most extreme climate change phenomenon. 大脸盆地区和哥伦比亚河高原则是干旱而极少降雨的地区，最干旱时平均降雨量少于15英寸（38厘米）。 Great basin region and the Columbia River high principle is very little rainfall in arid areas and the most arid the average rainfall of less than 15 inches (38 cm). 美国西南部是干旱的沙漠，夏季时最热的数个礼拜温度超过华氏100度（摄氏38度）。 The southwestern United States is arid desert, the hottest summer temperature over several weeks of 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius). 西南部和大脸盆地区也会受到来自加利福尼亚湾的季风影响，偶尔会带来少见的大雨。 Southwest and Great Basin region will be from the Gulf of California in the monsoon, occasionally heavy rain will bring rare. 加利福尼亚州大多数区域都属于地中海气候 ，有时会在每年的10月至隔年的4月引发强烈暴雨，而其他月份几乎全无降雨。 California, most of the region belong to the Mediterranean climate , sometimes every year in October to April the following year led to a strong storm, but with virtually no rainfall in other months. 濒临太平洋的西北方地区则终年豪雨不断，但在冬季和春季降雨量最大。 North-west Pacific Ocean region is heavy rain continued throughout the year, but the largest rainfall in winter and spring. 西部山脉吸收了充足的湿气，降雨量和降雪都相当沉重。 Western Mountains absorbed sufficient moisture, rainfall and snowfall are quite heavy. 喀斯喀特山脉是世界上降雪量最多的地方之一，但海拔较低的沿海地区降雪不多。 Cascade Mountain is the world's one of the most snow, but the low-lying coastal areas much snow. 水系 Water 从芝加哥约翰·汉考克中心俯瞰密歇根湖 Chicago John Hancock Center overlooking Lake Michigan 从总体上可分为三大水系：凡位于落基山以东的注入大西洋的河流都称为大西洋水系，主要有密西西比河 、 康涅狄格河和赫得森河。 In general can be divided into three major river systems: Where in the Rocky Mountains to the east of the river into the Atlantic Ocean are known as the Atlantic water, mainly the Mississippi River , Connecticut River and the Hudson River. 其中密西西比河全长6020公里，居世界第四位。 Length 6020 km of which the Mississippi River, ranking fourth in the world. 凡注入太平洋的河流称太平洋水系。 Where the Pacific Ocean into the Pacific, said the river water. 主要有科罗拉多河 、哥伦比亚河、 育空河等。 Main Colorado River , Columbia River, Yukon River , etc.. 北美洲中东部的大湖群—— 五大湖 。 Groups in the eastern Great Lakes in North America - Great Lakes . 包括苏必利尔湖 、 密歇根湖 、 休伦湖 、 伊利湖和安大略湖 ，属冰川湖，总面积24.5万平方公里，为世界最大的淡水水域，素有“北美地中海”之称，其中密歇根湖属美国，其余4湖为美国和加拿大共有。 Including Lake Superior , Lake Michigan , Lake Huron , Lake Erie and Lake Ontario , is a glacial lake, with a total area of 245,000 square kilometers, is the world's largest fresh water, known as "North America, the Mediterranean," said, in which Lake Michigan is the United States The remaining four lakes in the U.S. and Canada there. 苏必利尔湖为世界最大的淡水湖 ，面积在世界湖泊中仅次于里海而居世界第二位。 Lake Superior is the world's largest freshwater lake , an area of the world's lakes, second only to the Caspian door in the world. 五大湖湖水汇入圣劳伦斯河 ，流入大西洋。 Great Lakes water to import the St. Lawrence River , into the Atlantic Ocean. 生物 Biological 美国有超过17,000种本土的植物和树种，是世界上最多样化的，同时，数千种非本土的外来物种有时也会影响到本土的动植物。 There are more than 17,000 species of native plants and trees, is the world's most diverse, while thousands of non-native exotic species sometimes affect native flora and fauna. 美国本土有超过400种哺乳类、700种鸟类、500种爬虫类和两栖类、以及90,000种已经被发现的昆虫。 United States has more than 400 kinds of mammals, 700 species of birds, 500 reptiles and amphibians, and 90,000 species of insects have been found. 美国也是世界上最早开始重视环境保护的国家之一，在1872年联邦政府建立了黄石国家公园以保护当地环境，成为了世界上第一个国家公园。 The U.S. is the world's first starting to focus on environmental protection one of the countries, in 1872 the federal government established Yellowstone National Park to protect local environment, to become the world's first national park. 资源 Resources 自然资源丰富。 Rich in natural resources. 煤 、 石油 、 天然气 、 铁矿石 、 钾盐 、 磷酸盐 、 硫磺等矿物储量均居世界前列。 Coal , oil , natural gas , iron ore , potash , phosphate , sulfur and other mineral reserves, tops in the world. 战略矿物资源钛 、 锰 、 钴 、 铬等主要靠进口。 Strategic mineral resources of titanium , manganese , cobalt , chromium and other major imported. 探明煤储量35,966亿吨。 35,966 billion tons of proven coal reserves. 探明原油储量270亿桶。 Proven crude oil reserves of 270 billion barrels. 探明天然气储量56,034亿立方米。 56,034 billion cubic meters of proven natural gas reserves. 森林面积约44亿亩，覆盖率达33％。 About 44 million hectares of forest area, coverage of up to 33%. 三、历史沿革 Third, history 殖民时期以前 Before the colonial period 在四万多年前，有一批来自亚洲的流浪者，经由北美到中南美洲，这些人就是印第安人的祖先。 In 40 000 years ago, a group from Asia, the homeless, through North America to Central and South America, these people are Indian ancestors. 当哥伦布到达他认为的新大陆时，居住在美洲的印第安人， 约有3,000万，其中有大约2000万人住在现在的加拿大和美国中北部， 其余绝大部分住在现在的墨西哥和美国南部。 When Columbus arrived he thought of the New World , the Indians living in America, about 3,000 million, of which about 2,000 people live in what is now north-central Canada and the United States, while a majority lived in what is now Mexico and the southern United States. 大约1万年前，又有另一批亚洲人， 移居到北美北部，这是后来的爱斯基摩人 。 About 1 million years ago, there is another group of Asians, moved to northern North America, which is later Eskimos . 而最早到美洲的白种人大概是维京人 ，他们是一群喜好冒险的捕渔人，有人认为他们在1,000年前曾到过北美东海岸。 The earliest American white is probably the Vikings , they are people who like fishing adventure, it was 1,000 years ago that they had visited the east coast of North America. 殖民时期 The colonial period 1607年，一个约一百人的殖民团体， 在乞沙比克海滩建立了詹姆士镇，这是英国在北美所建的第一个永久性殖民地， 在以后150年中，陆续涌来了许多的殖民者，定居于沿岸地区，其中多来自英国，也有一部分来自法国 、 德国 、荷兰、 爱尔兰和其他国家。 In 1607, a group of about 100 people in the colonial, built in Chesapeake Beach, James Town, which is built by the British in North America's first permanent colony, 150 years later, after another coming of the many colonists settled in coastal areas, mostly from Britain, some from France , Germany , the Netherlands, Ireland and other countries. 18世纪中叶，13个英国殖民地逐渐形成， 他们在英国的最高主权下有各自的政府和议会。 The mid-18th century, gradually formed the 13 British colonies, the highest in the United Kingdom under the sovereignty of the government and parliament have their own. 这13个殖民区因气候和地理环境的差异，造成了各地经济形态、政治制度与观念上的差别。 The 13 colonies due to climate and geographic differences in the environment, resulting in local economic patterns, political systems and conceptual differences. 独立运动 Independence Movement 费城独立厅:1776年美国独立宣言于此签订 Philadelphia Independence Hall: In 1776, the United States signed the Declaration of Independence here 18世纪中叶，英国在美洲的殖民地与英国之间，已有了裂痕 。 The mid-18th century, the British colonies in the Americas and the United Kingdom, have a crack . 殖民地的扩张，使他们产生某种自觉，自觉到英国的迫害，而萌生独立的念头。 Colonial expansion, so they produce some kind of conscious, conscious of the persecution of the United Kingdom, while the emerging idea of independence. 1773年， 波士顿倾茶事件 ，反倾销。 1773, Boston Tea Party , anti-dumping. 1774年 ，来自13州的代表聚集在费城，召开所谓第一次大陆会议，希望能寻出一条合理的途径，与英国和平解决问题。 In 1774 , representatives from 13 states gathered in Philadelphia, held the first continental meeting of the so-called, hoping to find out a reasonable way to solve the problem of peace with Britain. 然而英王却坚持殖民地必须无条件臣服于英王，并接受处分。 But King insists must be unconditional surrender to the British colonial King, and accept the punishment. 1775年 ，在马萨诸塞州 莱克星顿点燃战火；1776年5月，在费城召开第二次大陆会议，坚定了战争与独立的决心，并发表著名的《独立宣言》，提出充分的理由来打这场仗。 1775 , in Massachusetts, Lexington flames of war; in May 1776, the Second Continental Conference held in Philadelphia, a firm commitment to the war and independence, and published his famous "Declaration of Independence," presented sufficient reasons to fight this battle. 1777年10月， 萨拉托加大捷 ，扭转了独立战争初期的不利的态势。 October 1777, Saratoga great victory , reversing the initial war of independence adverse trend. 此役使美国人民信心大增，并得到了国际上的支援。 The campaign to make American people confidence, and received international support. 1778年2月法美签订军事同盟条约 ，法国正式承认美国。 February 1778 France and the United States signed a military alliance treaty , France recognized the United States. 法国、西班牙、荷兰相继参战。 France, Spain, the Netherlands have entered the war. 1781年，约克城战役大捷， 美军赢得决定性的胜利。 1781, York City campaign victory, the U.S. military to win a decisive victory. 约克敦战役后，除了海上尚有几次交战和陆上的零星战斗外，北美大陆战事已基本停止。 Yorktown campaign , apart from the sea and on land there are a few sporadic fighting war, the North American continent, the war has been largely discontinued. 1782年11月30日，英美签署《 巴黎和约 》草案，1783年9月3日，英国正式承认美国独立。 November 30, 1782, Britain signed the " Treaty of Paris , "draft, September 3, 1783, the United Kingdom officially recognized American independence. 组成新政府 Forming a new government 1787年，在费城举行联邦会议，会中华盛顿被推为主席，他们采取一项原则，即中央的权力是一般性的，但必须有审慎的规定和说明，同时，他们也接受一项事实，那就是全国性政府必须有税收、铸造货币、调整商业、宣战及缔结条约的权力。 In 1787, the Federal Assembly was held in Philadelphia, will be in Washington pushed for the President, they take the principle that the central authority of a general nature, but there must be careful of the rules and instructions, the same time, they also accept the fact that national government must have a tax, coin money, to adjust commercial, a declaration of war and treaty powers. 此外，为了防止中央权力过大，而采取孟德斯鸠的均权政治学说，设置三个平等合作与制衡的部门，即立法、行政、司法三种权力相互调和，制衡而不使任何一权占控制地位。 In addition, in order to prevent excessive central power, Er to Montesquieu 's all right to political theory, set of three co-equal with the balance of Bumen, the Lifa, administrative, judicial Xianghu reconcile the three powers, checks and balances Er Bu Shi Ren He a right accounting control status. 向西扩张 Westward expansion 19世纪初期，数以千计的人，越过阿帕拉契山，向西移动。 Early 19th century, thousands of people across the Appalachian Mountains, west Mobile. 有些开拓者 ，移居到美国的边界，甚至深入属于墨西哥的领地、以及介于阿拉斯加与加利福尼亚的俄勒冈 。 Some pioneers , moved to the U.S. border, or even into the territory belongs to Mexico, and between Alaska and California to Oregon . 开拓者勇敢、勤奋地向西寻求更好的生活。 Portland brave, hard to the west in search of better life. 南北战争 Civil War 引起南北战争的原因，不单是经济上、政治上、军事上的问题，还包括了思想上的冲突。 Caused the Civil War because, not only economic, political and military issues, but also an ideological conflict. 内战暴露了美国的弱点 。 Civil war has exposed U.S. vulnerability . 对这个国家的存在，作了一番考验。 The existence of this country, made some test. 经过了这次考验， 美国才步向一个中央集权化之现代国家的坦途。 After this test, the United States was moving towards a centralization of the modern state of the smooth road. 南北之间，为奴隶问题而起争执，南方在全国政治上的主要方针，就在保护和扩大“棉花与奴隶”制度所代表的利益；而北部各州，主要是制造业、商业和金融的中心，这些生产无需依赖奴隶，这种经济上和政治上的冲突都是由来已久的。 Between North and South, for the slave issue would disagree, the South in national politics on the main approach in the protection and expansion of "cotton and slave" system represented interests; the northern states, mainly in manufacturing, commercial and financial center These production without reliance on the slave, this economic and political conflicts are long-standing. 1860年代初期，11个南方的州脱离联邦，另组政府，北方则表示，为了统一将不惜付出任何代价。 The early 1860s, the 11 Southern states seceded, alternative government, the north, said to be unified at any price. 1861年 ，内战爆发了，这场美国人面对面的流血战，打了四年，南方遭到严重的破坏，而且留下深深的伤痕 。 1861 , civil war broke out, this American face of the bloody war, fought for four years, the South had been severely damaged, and left deep scars . 1865年 ，北方战胜了，这项胜利不但显示美国恢复统一，而且从此全国各地不再施行奴隶制度 。 In 1865 , the North defeated, the victory not only that the United States to restore unity, but not implemented across the country from slavery . 工业化与改革 Industrialization and Reform 19世纪初期，美国开始工业化，而内战之后则步入成熟阶段。 Early 19th century, the United States began industrialization, civil war is entering a mature stage. 在从内战至第一次世界大战的不到50年时间内，美国从一个农村化的共和国变成了城市化的国家。 From the Civil War to World War I, less than 50 years, the United States from a rural republic of countries become urbanized. 从1890到1917年的近30年间被称为所谓“进步时期”。 From 1890 to 1917, nearly 30 years, known as the so-called "progressive era." 1914年 ，第一次世界大战爆发； 1917年 ，美国被卷入大战漩涡中，并且在世界上尝试扮演新的角色。 In 1914 , the First World War; in 1917 , the United States was involved in the whirlpool of war, and in the world trying to play new roles. 世界的新地位 New status of the world 在战后的10年间，美国的社会与文化可说是个无生气、无感情、属于商人阶级的10年。 10 years after the war, American society and culture could be described as lackluster, heartless, business class is 10 years. 据1929年统计，居城与居乡的比率是56:44，这时举凡现代生活的特色，诸如汽车 、 电话 、 收音机 、 洗衣机 ，已成为生活的必需品 。 According to 1929 statistics, the highest ratio of city and rural residence is 56:44, then Ju Fan feature of modern life, such as cars , phones , radios , washing machines , has become a life necessity . 战后经济呈现极度的繁荣，原因有二， 一为政府不再干涉私营企业且有立法保护之；二为新技术的带动。 Post-war economy has shown great prosperity, for two reasons, one for the government not interfere in the private sector and there is legislative protection; 2, driven by new technology. 虽然经济成长很快，但是基础不稳。 Although the economy grew very fast, but the foundation is not stable. 大萧条和第二次世界大战 Great Depression and World War II 经济大萧条影响的不只是美国，世界各国都受到它的打击。 Economic depression affected not only the United States, countries in the world by its blow. 经济大恐慌使上百万的工人失业，大批的农人被迫放弃耕地，工厂商店关门，银行倒闭，一片萧条。 Great Depression so that millions of workers unemployed, a large number of farmers were forced to give up land, factories and shops are closed, bank failures, a depression. 1932年 ， 富兰克林·罗斯福当选总统，他主张政府应拿出行动来结束经济大恐慌，新政府虽然解决了许多的困难，但美国的经济还是要到第二次世界大战才苏醒起来。 In 1932 , Franklin Roosevelt was elected president, he advocated that the Government should take action to end the Great Depression, although the new government to solve many difficulties, but the U.S. economy is going to World War II, only waking up. 第二次世界大战之后，随着轴心国的战败、英法实力的衰退，美国和苏联成为了超级大国 ，世界被分成了东西方两大阵营。 After World War II, with the Axis defeat, the British and French strength of recession, the United States and the Soviet Union became a superpower , the world was divided into eastern and western blocs. 美苏及其各自阵营分别在军事、政治、经济、宣传各方面加紧准备，一如战时。 Soviet Union and their respective camps were in the military, political, economic, and propaganda to intensify all aspects of preparation, as wartime. 这种状态，被称为“ 冷战 ”。 This condition, known as the " Cold War . " 冷战结束 Cold War 1963年马丁·路德·金演说《我有一个梦想》 1963 Martin Luther King speech "I Have a Dream" 美国历史自1960以来，许多方面仍是战后发展的延续。 American history since 1960 has remained in many ways a continuation of the post-war development. 经济方面除了周期性的不景气，仍旧是不断膨胀；从城市移居到郊区的人口继续增加，1970年，居郊人口超过了居城人口。 In addition to cyclical economic downturn, is still swelling; moved to the suburbs from the city's population continues to increase, in 1970, the highest rural population of more than a home town population. 1960年初期， 黑人问题成为美国内部最主要的问题。 The early 1960s, black issues become major issues within the United States. 1960年代中期，许多美国人开始不满政府的对外政策。 The mid-1960s, many Americans are dissatisfied with the Government's foreign policy. 此外，由于工业的发展与人口的集中，60年代后期，生态环境的污染广受注意。 In addition, industrial development and population concentration, the late 60s, pollution of the environment is widely attention. 70年代初期，由于能源危机而导致的经济萧条是大恐慌以来最严重的一次。 The early 70s, due to the energy crisis caused by the recession is the worst since the Great Depression once. 70年代中期，美国经济一度复苏。 Mid-70s, once the U.S. economy recover. 但到70年代未期，又出现通货膨胀 。 But not of 70s and again, inflation . 1976年，美国建国200周年，全国举行各项庆祝活动。 In 1976, the 200th anniversary of the founding of the United States, the celebrations held nationwide. 美国在冷战中最终拖垮了苏联，1991年，随着苏联的解体，美国成为世界上唯一的超级大国，世界两大阵营之间意识形态的壁垒也被打破了。 The United States in the Cold War eventually caused the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, with the Soviet Union, the United States as the world's only superpower, the world's ideological barriers between the two camps have been broken. 1981年4月12日，美国成功发射了哥伦比亚号航天飞机 ，将人类又带入另一个太空新纪元。 April 12, 1981, the United States successfully launched the space shuttle Columbia , the man brought in another new era in space. 恐怖袭击与反恐政策 Terrorist attacks and counter-terrorism policy 2001年发生于纽约和华盛顿的“ 9.11事件 ”对美国及全球产生巨大的影响，这次事件是人类历史上迄今为止最严重的恐怖袭击事件。 2001 occurred in New York and Washington, the " 9-11 incident "on the United States and around the world have an enormous impact, the incident was so far in human history, the most serious terrorist attack incidents. 美国政府对此次事件的谴责和立场也受到大多数国家同情与支持；全球各地在事件后都有各种悼念活动。 U.S. government condemned the incident and the stance by the sympathy and support in most countries; after the event around the world have a variety of commemorative activities. 该事件也导致了美国的外交政策集中于对付恐怖主义威胁。 The incident also led to U.S. foreign policy focused on dealing with terrorist threats. 美国政府开始了反恐战争和行动，在2001年10月推翻阿富汗的塔利班政权后，又在2003年发动伊拉克战争 ，推翻萨达姆·侯赛因的政权，建立了伊拉克临时政府。 United States Government began the war on terrorism and operations in October 2001 overthrow of Afghanistan 's Taliban regime, then in 2003 launched the war in Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein 's regime, the establishment of the Iraqi interim government. 四、政府政治 Fourth, the government and political 请参见词条“ 美国政府 ”、“ 美国政体 ”、“ 美国总统 ”、“ 美利坚合众国宪法 ”。 Please see the term " U.S. Government "," American system of government "," U.S. President "," United States Constitution . " 始建于1793年的美国国会大厦 Founded in 1793, the United States Capitol 美国是现存历史最悠久的宪政立宪共和国，有世界上最早并仍在运作的成文宪法 ，并经立法机构批准产生。 The United States is the oldest existing constitutional constitutional republic, with the world's oldest and still functioning written constitution , produced by the legislative body. 在某些州，司法系统官员也通过多数制选举产生。 In some states, judicial system officials elected by majority system. 1776年7月4日制定了宪法性文件《联邦条例》。 July 4, 1776 established a constitutional document, "Federal Regulations." 1787年5月制定了宪法草案，1789年3月第一届国会宣布生效。 May 1787 to develop the draft constitution, in March 1789 declared effective by the First Congress. 它是世界上第一部作为独立、统一国家的成文宪法 。 It was the first one as an independent, unified state written constitution . 两个世纪以来，共制定了27条宪法修正案。 Two centuries, a total of 27 constitutional amendments enacted. 重要的修改有：1791年9月由国会通过的包括保证信仰、言论、出版自由与和平集会权利在内的宪法前10条修正案，后通称“民权法案”（或“ 权利法案 ”）；1865年和1870年通过的关于废除奴隶制度和承认黑人公民权利的第13条和15条修正案；1951年通过的规定总统如不能行使职权由副总统升任总统的第25条修正案。 Important changes are: in September 1791 by the Congress, including assurance of faith, speech, press freedom and the constitutional right of peaceful assembly, including the amendment to article 10, the latter is called the "Bill of Rights" (or " bill of rights "); 1865 year and 1870 adopted by the abolition of slavery and black civil rights, recognition of Article 13 and 15 of the amendment; provisions adopted by the president in 1951 as vice president can not exercise the powers promoted by the President of the 25th Amendment. 宪法的主要内容是建立联邦制的国家，各州拥有较大的自主权，包括立法权；实行三权分立的政治体制，立法、行政、司法三部门鼎立，并相互制约。 The main content of the Constitution is to establish a federal country, states have greater autonomy, including the legislative power; implement separation of powers political system, legislative, executive, and judicial departments Dingli, and mutual restraint. 宪法规定，行政权属于总统， 国家元首和政府首脑职权集中于总统一人，总统兼任武装部队总司令，总统不对国会负责。 Constitution, the executive power vested in the President, the Heads of State and Government summit focused on presidential terms of one person, the president is also commander in chief, the president not to Parliament. 总统的行政命令与法律有同等效力。 President's Executive Order and the law have the same effect. 始建于1792年的白宫为总统的官邸及办公室 Founded in 1792, the White House for the president's official residence and office 总统通过间接选举产生，任期四年。 President, through indirect elections for a term of four years. 政府内阁由各部部长和总统指定的其他成员组成。 Cabinet ministers and the president designated by the other members. 内阁实际上只起总统助手和顾问团的作用，没有集体决策的权力。 In fact only the President of the Cabinet since the role of assistants and consultants, there is no collective decision-making powers. 美国国会为最高立法机构，由美国参议院和美国众议院联合组成。 United States Congress as the highest legislative body, by the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives joined together to form. 国会的主要职权有：立法权、行政监督权、条约及官员任命的审批权（参议院）和宪法修改权。 Congress's main functions are: legislative, administrative supervision, and officials appointed by the approval of the treaty rights (Senate) and the constitutional power of amendment. 对总统、副总统的复选权等。 The president, vice president of the right check. 两院议员由各州选民直接选举产生。 Senate and House members elected directly by the state voters. 参议员每州2名，共100名，任期6年，每两年改选1/3。 Each state two senators, a total of 100, for 6 years and renewed every two years 1 / 3. 众议员按各州的人口比例分配名额选出，共435名，任期两年，期满全部改选。 House of Representatives according to the proportion of seats allocated state elected a total of 435 two-year term expires all elections. 两院议员均可连任，任期不限。 Senate and House members can be re-elected for a term limitation. 参众议员均系专职，不得兼任政府职务。 They were all full-time participation in the House of Representatives, not the holding of the office. 此外，国会可通过不需要总统签署的决议案，它们无法律作用。 In addition, Congress signed by the President of the resolution does not require that they have no legal effect. 国会对总统、副总统及官员有弹劾权，提出弹劾之权属于众议院，审判弹劾之权属于参议院。 Congress President, Vice President and officials have the right to impeach, impeach the right to belong to the House of Representatives, the right to belong to the Senate impeachment trial. 美国设联邦最高法院 、联邦法院、州法院及一些特别法院。 The United States established the Federal Supreme Court , federal courts, state courts and special courts. 联邦最高法院由首席大法官和8名大法官组成，终身任职。 Supreme Court Chief Justice and eight justices, appointed for life. 联邦最高法院有权宣布联邦和各州的任何法律无效。 Supreme Court to declare the federal and state laws null and void any. 2009年1月20日， 巴拉克·侯赛因·奥巴马 （Barack Hussein Obama Jr.）成为美国第44任总统，也是历史上第一位黑人总统。 January 20, 2009, Barack Hussein赛因奥巴马 (Barack Hussein Obama Jr.) became the 44th president, was also the first black president. 行政区划 Administrative Division 美国第一级行政区划为州，正确来说，州并不是国家下设的区划，而是由这些州联合组成国家，因为美国为联邦制 ，跟其他联邦制国家一样，其一级行政区拥有很大的主权。 U.S. first-class administrative division for the state, the right, the state is not a country consists of the divisions, but by a coalition of these states, because the U.S. is federal , with other federal countries, the level of administrative regions have very Big sovereignty. 根据美国联邦最高法院多项裁定，各州与中央联邦政府均有司法主权，但中央联邦政府受到美国宪法的约束，而各州则有相当大的司法主权，但前提是不违反两项原则：一、其主权不能凌驾于中央联邦政府及美国宪法；二、其自行制定的州宪法权限不能超过国家整体主权。 According to the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a number of the states and federal government are judicial sovereignty, but the federal government by the U.S. Constitution 's constraints, the states have considerable judicial sovereignty, but only subject to two principles: first, its sovereignty can not override the federal government and the United States Constitution; Second, the state enacted its own constitutional rights can not exceed the overall national sovereignty. 各州行政区划多分为州直属及地方所属，而在层级方面有三级区划也有二级区划。 More states into the state directly under the administrative divisions and local-owned, but there are three divisions in the hierarchy there are two divisions. 州直属的机构如统计局、监理所及公共卫生所等单位，地方政府则为郡，相当于部份国家的县，通常各郡会在下设不同层级的区划，在中西部最常见的是设镇区。 Directly under the state institutions such as the Bureau of Statistics, Commissioner of Exchange and Public Health, other units, local government was the county, representing part of the country's counties, usually consists of different levels in the county zoning, the most common in the Midwest is located township. 在某些州，如在密歇根州，其州立大学拥有一定自治权限，有时州立大学获得的自治权过于夸张，使得其地位在行政与立法方面相当于一个郡，甚至于超过。 In some states, such as Michigan, which has some autonomous powers of the State University, State University of autonomy is sometimes exaggerated, and his position in the executive and the legislative equivalent of a county, and even over. 在某些州，市独立于乡镇，且有时也独立于郡，如弗吉尼亚州全部为市。 In some states, cities independent of the township, and sometimes independent of the county, such as Virginia, all of the city. 市是半自治体，其本质类似古时的城市国家架构。 City is a semi-autonomous body, its essential structure similar to ancient city-state. 今天，美国共分10大地区、50个州和1个直辖特区，共有3042个县或郡（county，路易斯安那州的郡为parish）： Today, the United States is divided into 10 regions, 50 states and one directly under the SAR, a total of 3,042 counties or county (county, county, Louisiana for the parish): 地区 Region 新英格兰地区、中央地区、中大西洋地区、 西南地区 、阿巴拉契亚山地区、高山地区、 东南地区 、太平洋沿岸地区、 大湖地区 、阿拉斯加与夏威夷； New England, the central region, the Mid-Atlantic region, Southwest region , the Appalachian Mountains, the mountains, south-east , the Pacific Rim, the Great Lakes region , Alaska and Hawaii; 州 State 亚拉巴马州 Alabama Alabama Alabama AL AL 蒙哥马利 Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery 阿拉斯加州 Alaska Alaska Alaska AK AK 朱诺 Juneau Juneau Juneau 亚利桑那州 Arizona Arizona Arizona AZ AZ 菲尼克斯 Phoenix Phoenix Phoenix 阿肯色州 Arkansas Arkansas Arkansas AR AR 小石城 Little Rock Little rock Little rock 加利福尼亚州 California California California CA CA 萨克拉门托 Sacramento Sacramento Sacramento 科罗拉多州 Colorado Colorado Colorado CO CO 丹佛 Denver Denver Denver 康涅狄格州 Connecticut Connecticut Connecticut CT CT 哈特福德 Hartford Hartford Hartford 特拉华州 Delaware Delaware Delaware DE DE 多佛 Dover Dover Dover 佛罗里达州 Florida Florida Florida FL FL 塔拉哈西 Tallahassee Tallahassee Tallahassee 佐治亚州 Georgia Georgia Georgia GA GA 亚特兰大 Atlanta Atlanta Atlanta 夏威夷州 Hawaii Hawaii Hawaii HI HI 火奴鲁鲁 Honolulu Honolulu Honolulu 爱达荷州 Idaho Idaho Idaho ID ID 博伊西 Boise Boise Boise 伊利诺伊州 Illinois Illinois Illinois IL IL 斯普林菲尔德 Springfield Springfield Springfield 印第安纳州 Indiana Indiana Indiana IN IN 印第安纳波利斯 Indianapolis Indianapolis Indianapolis 艾奥瓦州 Iowa Iowa Iowa IA IA 得梅因 Des Moines Des Moines Des Moines 堪萨斯州 Kansas Kansas Kansas KS KS 托皮卡 Topeka Topeka Topeka 肯塔基州 Kentucky Kentucky Kentucky KY KY 法兰克福 Frankfurt Frankfort Frankfort 路易斯安那州 Louisiana Louisiana Louisiana LA LA 巴吞鲁日 Baton Rouge Baton Rouge Baton Rouge 缅因州 Maine Maine Maine ME ME 奥古斯塔 Augusta Augusta Augusta 马里兰州 Maryland Maryland Maryland MD MD 安纳波利斯 Annapolis Annapolis Annapolis 马萨诸塞州 Massachusetts Massachusetts Massachusetts MA MA 波士顿 Boston Boston Boston 密歇根州 Michigan Michigan Michigan MI MI 兰辛 Lansing Lansing Lansing 明尼苏达州 Minnesota Minnesota Minnesota MN MN 圣保罗 Sao Paulo St. Paul St. Paul 密西西比州 Mississippi Mississippi Mississippi MS MS 杰克逊 Jackson Jackson Jackson 密苏里州 Missouri Missouri Missouri MO MO 杰斐逊城 Jefferson City Jefferson City Jefferson City 蒙大拿州 Montana Montana Montana MT MT 海伦娜 Helena Helena Helena 内布拉斯加州 Nebraska Nebraska Nebraska NE NE 林肯 Lincoln Lincoln Lincoln 内华达州 Nevada Nevada Nevada NV NV 卡森城 Carson City Carson City Carson City 新罕布什尔州 New Hampshire New hampshire New hampshire NH NH 康科德 Concord Concord Concord 新泽西州 New Jersey New jersey New jersey NJ NJ 特伦顿 Trenton Trenton Trenton 新墨西哥州 New Mexico New mexico New mexico NM NM 圣菲 Santa Fe Santa Fe Santa Fe 纽约州 New York New york New york NY NY 奥尔巴尼 Albany Albany Albany 北卡罗来纳州 North Carolina North carolina North carolina NC NC 纳罗利 Na Luoli Raleigh Raleigh 北达科他州 North Dakota North dakota North dakota ND ND 俾斯麦 Bismarck Bismarck Bismarck 俄亥俄州 Ohio Ohio Ohio OH OH 哥伦布 Columbus Columbus Columbus 俄克拉何马州 Oklahoma Oklahoma Oklahoma OK OK 俄克拉何马城 Oklahoma City Oklahoma City Oklahoma City 俄勒冈州 Oregon Oregon Oregon OR OR 塞勒姆 Salem Salem Salem 宾夕法尼亚州 Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Pennsylvania PA PA 哈里斯堡 Harrisburg Harrisburg Harrisburg 罗得岛州 Rhode Island Rhode island Rhode island RL RL 普罗维登斯 Providence Providence Providence 南卡罗来纳州 South Carolina South carolina South carolina SC SC 哥伦比亚 Columbia Columbia Columbia 南达科他州 South Dakota South dakota South dakota SD SD 皮尔 Peel Pierre Pierre 田纳西州 Tennessee Tennessee Tennessee TN TN 纳什维尔 Nashville Nashville Nashville 德克萨斯州 Texas Texas Texas TX TX 奥斯汀 Austin Austin Austin 犹他州 Utah Utah Utah UT UT 盐湖城 Salt Lake City Salt Lake City Salt Lake City 佛蒙特州 Vermont Vermont Vermont VT VT 蒙彼利埃 Montpellier Montpelier Montpelier 弗吉尼亚州 Virginia Virginia Virginia VA VA 里士满 Richmond Richmond Richmond 华盛顿州 Washington Washington Washington WA WA 奥林匹亚 Olympia Olympia Olympia 西弗吉尼亚州 West Virginia West virginia West virginia WV WV 查尔斯顿 Charleston Charleston Charleston 威斯康星州 Wisconsin Wisconsin Wisconsin WI WI 麦迪逊 Madison Madison Madison 怀俄明州 Wyoming Wyoming Wyoming WY WY 夏延 Cheyenne Cheyenne Cheyenne 联邦领地 Federal Territory 波多黎各自由联邦 、 北马里亚纳 ； Puerto Rico , Northern Marianas ; 海外领地 Overseas Territories 有人居住： 美属萨摩亚 、 关岛 、 中途岛 、 约翰斯顿岛 、 美属维尔京群岛 ； Some people live: American Samoa , Guam , Midway Island , Johnston Island , U.S. Virgin Islands ; 无人居住： 贝克岛 、 豪兰岛 、 贾维斯岛 、 金曼礁 、 纳弗沙岛 、 帕尔米尔岛 、 威克岛 。 Uninhabited: Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Kingman Reef , Navassa Island , Palmier Island , Wake Island . 政党 Political party 美国有多个党派 ，但在国内政治及社会生活中起重大作用的只有共和党和民主党 [1] The United States have more than one party , but in the domestic political and social life play a major role in the only Republican and Democratic Party [1] 。 . （1） 美国共和党 （Republican Party）：成立于1854年。 (1) Republican (Republican Party): founded in 1854. 1861年林肯就任总统，共和党首次执政。 1861, Lincoln became president, the ruling Republican Party for the first time. 此后至1933年的70多年中，除16年外，共和党一直主政白宫 。 After more than 70 years to 1933, except for 16 years, the Republicans have ruled the White House . 1933年以后，曾有艾森豪威尔 、 尼克松 、 福特 、 里根 、 老布什和小布什执政。 After 1933, there have been Eisenhower , Nixon , Ford , Reagan , George HW Bush and George W. Bush to govern. 一般在总统大选中投票给该党候选人的选民即为其党员 。 General in the presidential election in the electorate to vote for party candidates or their party members . （2） 美国民主党 （Democratic Party）：其前身是1792年杰斐逊创立的民主共和党 ，建党初期主要代表南方奴隶主、西部农业企业家和北方中等资产阶级的利益。 (2) United States Democratic Party (Democratic Party): the former is the 1792 Jefferson founded the Democratic Republican Party , the main representative of the early founding the Southern slaveholders, western agricultural entrepreneurs and the middle bourgeoisie, the interests of the north. 19世纪初，民主共和党发生分裂，一派自称国民共和党，后来改称辉格党 。 The early 19th century, Democratic-Republican Party split, one group claiming to be the national Republican Party, later renamed the Whig party . 以杰克逊为代表的一派于1828年建立民主党，1840年正式定名为民主党。 Faction, represented by Jackson in 1828 to establish the Democratic Party, officially named the Democratic Party in 1840. 19世纪50年代末，民主党发生一次分裂，部分北方民主党人参与组建反奴隶制的共和党。 50 In the late 19th century, the Democratic Party, a split occurs, some anti-slavery northern Democrats involved in the formation of the Republican Party. 1861至1885年民主党在野。 Opposition Democratic Party from 1861 to 1885. 在1885至1933年的48年中，该党执政16年，先后由克利夫兰 、 威尔逊出任总统。 In 1885 to 1933 of 48 years, the ruling party for 16 years, has from the Cleveland , Woodrow Wilson as president. 1933年开始，民主党人罗斯福 、 杜鲁门 、 肯尼迪 、 约翰逊 、 卡特 、 克林顿先后当选总统执政。 1933, Democrat Franklin Roosevelt , Truman , Kennedy , Johnson , Carter , Clinton has been elected President of the ruling. 民主党党员是大选中投其候选人票的选民。 Democratic Party candidate for the general election and cast their votes in the electorate. （3） 其他政党 ： 美国绿党 （United States Green Party）、美国改革党（Reform Party of the United States of America）等。 (3) other political parties: the United States Green Party (United States Green Party), the United States Reform Party (Reform Party of the United States of America) and so on. 外交 Diplomacy 美国具有全球性的经济、 政治和军事影响力，其外交政策走向一直是世界关注和讨论的焦点。 The United States with global economic, political and military influence has been its foreign policy toward the focus of world attention and discussion. 美国的外交关系规模是全世界最为庞大的。 Diplomatic relations between the United States is the world's most massive scale. 几乎所有的国家在华盛顿特区都设有大使馆和派驻大使。 Almost all countries in the Washington, DC are equipped with the embassy and ambassador. 以色列 、英国、加拿大和日本被视为是美国最亲密的盟友。 Israel , the United Kingdom, Canada and Japan, is regarded as America's closest ally. 只有少数国家没有与美国建立正式的外交关系，包括古巴 、 伊朗 、 朝鲜 、 索马里和苏丹 。 Only a few countries do not have with the United States establish formal diplomatic relations, including Cuba , Iran , North Korea , Somalia and Sudan . 美国革命期间，美国与一些欧洲国家建立了外交关系，说服了法国、 西班牙 、和荷兰协助对抗英国。 American Revolution , the United States and some European countries have established diplomatic relations, to persuade France, Spain , and the Netherlands to help fight the British. 在接下来的开垦年代里，美国一直在亲法或亲英两个选择间摇摆不定。 Reclamation in the next decade, the United States has been pro-British pro-law or wavering between two choices. 当时美国对欧洲事务不愿插手，专注于北美的疆土开拓。 The United States was willing to interfere in European affairs, focusing on North American territory to open up. 后来以门罗主义削弱欧洲在拉丁美洲的影响力，以确保在美洲地区事务的支配权。 Later in the Monroe Doctrine weaken Europe Latin America 's influence to ensure America 's control over regional affairs. 美国的扩张政策陆续引发了与墨西哥和西班牙的战争，两战均以美国的胜利告终。 The expansionist policy of the United States gradually led to the war with Mexico and Spain, are the two wars the United States victory. 在南北战争中，美国指责英国和法国支援南部分裂的美利坚联盟国 、并试图占领墨西哥，但在内战结束后，美国在北美洲的主导地位就再未受过挑战。 In the Civil War, the United States accused the British and French support in the southern division of the Confederate States of America , and tried to occupy Mexico, but after the Civil War, the U.S. dominance in North America has not been given the challenge again. 随著国力渐增，美国开始将注意力转向海外，尤其是对外贸易的开拓。 With the national strength is rising, the United States turned their attention overseas, especially in developing foreign trade. 为此，美国占领了太平洋的许多领土，包括夏威夷和菲律宾 ，迫使日本开放贸易，并与欧洲列强竞争在中国的影响力。 To this end the U.S. occupation of the Pacific, many of the territories, including Hawaii and the Philippines , forcing Japan to open trade and competition with European powers in China's influence. 第二次世界大战后，美国在联合国的创建上扮演了重要角色，并且成为安全理事会的五名永久会员之一。 After World War II, the United States in the United Nations created an important role to play, and become one of the Security Council's five permanent members. 冷战期间，美国最初试图限制苏联于世界各地的影响力 。 During the Cold War, the United States first tried to limit the Soviet Union in world influence . 为了遏制苏联，美国、加拿大和10个西欧国家共同建立了北大西洋公约组织 ，以联合盟国对抗任何向北美和欧洲的军事入侵，后来又有14个欧洲国家陆续加入了这一共同防御联盟，包括土耳其和一些前华沙条约成员国以及部分苏联加盟共和国。 In order to deter the Soviet Union, the United States, Canada and 10 Western European countries set up the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , the Joint allies to confront any military invasion of North America and Europe, and later another 14 European countries have joined the common defense alliance, including Turkey and some former Warsaw Pact member states, and some Soviet republics. 出于政治上的现实考量，美国也与对抗苏联的共产主义国家结盟，例如中苏分裂后的中华人民共和国。 For political realities, the United States and communist countries against the Soviet Union alliance, such as The People's Republic of China after the Sino-Soviet split. 近年来，美国专注于自身的边界安全，防止非法移民和非法贩毒进入国内—尤其是针对墨西哥和加勒比海国家。 In recent years, the United States focused on its own border security to prevent illegal immigration and illegal drug trafficking into the country - especially for Mexico and the Caribbean countries. 美国也致力于对抗恐怖主义和避免大规模杀伤性武器的扩散，但其主要目标仍为保护在国内外的国家利益以及公民安全。 The United States also is committed to fight terrorism and prevent weapons of mass destruction proliferation, but its main objective remains to protect the national interests at home and abroad and the security of citizens. 2004年 ，美对外政策继续以反恐和防扩散为核心，但受国内大选政治影响，重在求稳防乱。 In 2004 , the U.S. foreign policy, terrorism and proliferation continue to be core, but by domestic political influence elections, focusing on Striving prevent disorder. 布什政府下力气推动伊拉克战后重建，稳定伊安全局势，主导组建伊临时政府并向其交权，推动国际社会为伊重建出钱出力，减免伊债务。 Under the Bush administration effort to promote Iraq's postwar reconstruction, stability, security situation in Iraq, leading to the formation of interim government of its power to promote the international community to donate money for Iraq reconstruction, Iraqi debt relief. 以八国集团名义推出“大中东改革计划”，试图“民主改造大中东”。 To the Group of Eight released the name of "Greater Middle East reform plan," trying to "transform the Greater Middle East democracy." 坚持通过多边机制解决朝核问题 ，参加第二、第三轮北京六方会谈 。 Persist through multilateral mechanisms to solve the DPRK nuclear issue , participate in the second and third round of Beijing six-party talks . 通过国际原子能机构和法、德、英等国压伊朗放弃核计划。 Through the International Atomic Energy Agency and France, Germany, Britain and other countries pressing Iran to abandon its nuclear program. 宣布实施自朝鲜战争以来最广泛的全球军力部署调整，推进“ 防扩散安全倡议 ”。 Declared since the Korean War has been the most extensive military posture worldwide, promoting the " Proliferation Security Initiative . " 较前重视大国合作，强调跨大西洋联盟的重要性，保持与俄罗斯关系总体稳定。 Power than the previous emphasis on cooperation, stressed the importance of the transatlantic alliance to maintain the overall stability of relations with Russia. 加大对亚太地区的投入，深化与日、澳等传统盟国的关系，巩固美韩同盟，赋予泰国 、 巴基斯坦 “非北约主要盟国”地位，与印度发展战略伙伴关系 。 Increase the region 's investment, deepening and Japan, Australia and other traditional allies, to consolidate the US-ROK alliance, given Thailand , Pakistan "non- NATO major ally "status, and India's development of strategic partnership . 军事 Military 美国总统兼任武装部队总司令，掌握最高指挥权。 U.S. president is also commander in chief, to master the highest command. 进攻性战略武器和核武器的使用权集中控制在总统手中。 Offensive strategic weapons and nuclear weapons, the right to use centralized control of the President. 国家军事指挥系统由国家安全委员会 、国防部及参谋长联席会议组成。 National military command system by the National Security Council , the Ministry of Defence and Chief of Staff, Joint composition. 国家安全委员会是最高决策机构，由总统领导，成员有副总统 、 国务卿 、 财政部长 、 国防部长和总统国家安全事务助理，参联会主席作为军事顾问、中情局长作为情报顾问列席。 National Security Council is the supreme decision-making body, led by the president, members of the Vice-President , Secretary of State , Treasury , Defense and National Security Adviser, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs as a military adviser, the CIA chief as intelligence advisor to attend. 国防部是总统指挥全军的办事机构。 Department of Defense is the president command the whole army offices. 参联会既是总统、国防部长和国家安全委员会的军事咨询机构，又是向各联合司令部发布总统和国防部长命令的军事指挥机关。 JCS is the President, Secretary of Defense and National Security Council's military advisory body to the Joint Command Post is the President and the Secretary of Defense ordered the military command. 参联会和三军参谋部负责拟定作战计划并具体实施作战指挥。 Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Armed Forces General Staff is responsible for developing operational plans and the specific implementation of the operational command. 2001年“9·11”事件后，美国进一步调整军事战略，加快建立由核与非核进攻性打击系统、 导弹防御系统和能迅速应付恐怖威胁的国防基础设施构成的“新三位一体 ”战略力量组合。 2001 "9.11" incident, the United States to further adjust the military strategy, accelerate the establishment of the nuclear and non-nuclear offensive strike systems, missile defense systems and can quickly deal with the terrorist threat posed by the defense infrastructure, "the new trinity of "strategic alignment of forces. 美军曾在南北战争、两次世界大战以及1948年至1973年期间实行过义务兵役制。 U.S. troops in the Civil War, two world wars and from 1948 to 1973 had introduced compulsory military service during the period. 1973年，时任总统尼克松废除义务兵役制后，美军一直实行志愿兵役制至今。 In 1973, when President Nixon abolished compulsory military service, the U.S. military has been operating since the voluntary military service. 美国是世界第一军事大国，在世界数十个国家和地区设有数百处军事基地 ，海外驻军约为28.78万人。 The United States is the world's largest military power in the world in dozens of countries and regions with hundreds of military bases , foreign troops about 28.78 million people. 美国的海外的军事基地大致划分为欧洲、 亚太与印度洋 、 中东与北非以及美洲四大战略区。 U.S. overseas military bases broadly divided into Europe, Asia Pacific and the Indian Ocean , Middle East and North Africa and the Americas four strategic areas. 2004年8月，布什总统宣布，美国将在未来的10年内把驻欧洲和亚洲的军队削减6万至7万人。 August 2004, President Bush announced the United States will in the next 10 years in the armed forces in Europe and Asia reduced from 60,000 to 7 million people. 2007年1月， 美国国防部长罗伯特·盖茨说，为了“反恐战争”的需要，他计划在未来5年内将美军现役部队的人数增加9.2万人。 January 2007, U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates said, to "war on terror" required, he will be in the next five years to increase the number of U.S. active forces of 9.2 million people. 美军在全球设有五大战区司令部，分别是北方司令部、太平洋司令部、中央司令部、欧洲司令部和南方司令部，分别负责全球几大区域的事务。 U.S. has five theaters in the global headquarters of Northern Command, respectively, the Pacific Command, Central Command, European Command and Southern Command, are responsible for the affairs of the world's major regions. 2007年2月，布什总统批准军方关于组建一个专门负责非洲事务的司令部的计划。 February 2007, President Bush approved the military on the formation of a dedicated command for Africa affairs program. 五、经济科学 Fifth, economic science 华尔街代表了美国强大的金融力量 Wall Street on behalf of powerful financial force the United States 请参见词条“ 美国经济 ”。 Please see the term " the U.S. economy . " 财政金融 Fiscal and financial 美国有高度发达的现代市场经济 ，其国内生产总值和对外贸易额均居世界首位。 The United States has a highly developed modern market economy , its gross domestic product and foreign trade volume tops in the world. 20世纪90年代，以信息、 生物技术产业为代表的新经济蓬勃发展，受此推动，美经济经历了长达十年的增长期。 90 years of the 20th century to information, bio-technology industries as the new economy boom, has helped make the U.S. economy has experienced a decade-long growth period. 2001年美经济陷入短暂衰退，之后逐步复苏。 In 2001 the U.S. economy into a brief recession, followed by gradual recovery. 2008年，美国国内生产总值高达14.334万亿美元（2008年，世界国家和地区第1名）。 In 2008, U.S. gross domestic product up to 14.334 trillion U.S. dollars (in 2008, the world's countries and regions in the first one). 人均GDP为47,025美元（世界国家和地区第6名） [14] GDP per capita was 47,025 U.S. dollars (World countries and 6th) [14] [16] [16] 。 . 美国的经济体系兼有资本主义和混合经济的特征。 The U.S. economy both capitalism and mixed economy characteristics. 在这个体系内，企业和私营机构做主要的微观经济决策，政府在国内经济生活中的角色较为次要；然而，各级政府的总和却占GDP的36%；在发达国家中，美国的社会福利网相对较小，政府对商业的管制也低于其他发达国家。 In this system, the enterprises and the private sector to do the major micro-economic decision-making, in the domestic economy more minor role in life; However, the sum of all levels of government accounted for 36% of GDP; in developed countries , the American society welfare net is relatively small, government control of business is also lower than other developed countries. 在全国各地区，经济活动重心不一。 In all regions, the focus of different economic activities. 例如：纽约市是金融、出版、广播和广告等行业的中心；洛杉矶是电影和电视节目制作中心； 旧金山湾区和太平洋沿岸西北地区是技术开发中心；中西部是制造业和重工业中心， 底特律是著名的汽车城，芝加哥是该地区的金融和商业中心；东南部以医药研究、旅游业和建材业为主要产业，并且由于其薪资成本低于其他地区，因此持续的吸引制造业的投资。 For example: New York City is the financial, publishing, broadcasting and advertising industries center; Los Angeles film and television production center; San Francisco Bay Area and Pacific Northwest coast is a technology development center; Midwest is the center of manufacturing and heavy industry, Detroit is well-known automotive city, Chicago is the region's financial and commercial center; southeast to medical research, tourism and building materials industry as the main industry, and because of its payroll costs lower than other regions, thus continuing to attract manufacturing investment. 美国的服务业占最大比重，全国四分之三的劳力从事服务业。 U.S. service sector accounted for the largest share of the national three-quarters of the labor force engaged in services. 美国拥有丰富的矿产资源，包括了黄金、石油和铀，然而许多能源的供应都依赖于外国进口。 The United States has abundant mineral resources including gold, oil and uranium, but many energy supplies are dependent on foreign imports. 美国是全球最大的农业出口国之一，主要农产品包括了玉米 、 小麦 、糖和烟草 ，中西部大平原地区惊人的农业产量使其被誉为“世界粮仓”。 The United States is the world's largest agricultural exporters, the main agricultural products include corn , wheat , sugar and tobacco , striking central and western Great Plains agricultural production to as the "breadbasket of the world." 美国工业产品主要包括了汽车、飞机和电子产品。 U.S. industrial products including automobiles, aircraft and electronic products. 美国也有发达的旅游业，排名世界第三。 The United States also has a developed tourist industry, ranking third in the world. 美国也是飞机、 钢铁 、军火和电子器材的主要输出国。 United States is also aircraft, steel , arms, and major exporter of electronic equipment. 美国最大的贸易伙伴是毗邻的加拿大（19%），中国（12%）、墨西哥（11%）和日本（8%）、德国、英国、 韩国 、法国、中国台湾和巴西紧随其后[17] America's largest trading partner is adjacent to Canada (19%), China (12%), Mexico (11%) and Japan (8%), Germany, Britain, South Korea , France, China Taiwan and Brazil, followed by [17 ] ，每天大约有价值高达11亿美元的产品流经美加的国界。 Every day up to about 1.1 billion U.S. dollars worth of products flow through Canada's borders. 美国经济被认为是世界上最大也是最重要的经济体。 The U.S. economy is considered the world's largest and most important economies. 美国经济高度发达，全球多个国家的货币与美元挂钩，而美国的证券市场被认为是世界经济的晴雨表。 The U.S. economy is highly developed, many countries and currencies pegged to the dollar, while the U.S. stock market is considered a barometer of the world economy. 自从1980年代隆纳·里根的总统任期以来，美国增加了对新自由主义经济政策的运用，减少政府对经济的干预、并减少福利制度的规模，抛弃了自经济大恐慌以来长期实行的、偏向干涉主义的凯恩斯派经济政策。 Since the 1980s, Ronald Reagan's presidency longna, the United States increased in the new liberal economic policies of the application, to reduce government intervention in the economy, and reduce the size of the welfare system, abandoned a long time since the Great Depression has been implemented, and preferred Interventionism Keynes School economic policies. 也因此，美国政府在社会福利方面提供的服务比其他工业化国家都要少，降低国内的税赋，并更依赖于自由市场和私营的慈善机构上。 As a result, the U.S. government to provide social welfare services must be less than in other industrialized countries to reduce domestic taxes, and greater reliance on free markets and private charitable institutions. 交通运输 Transportation 有“世界的十字路口”美誉的纽约时报广场 The "crossroads of the world" reputation of the New York Times Square 美国拥有完整而便捷的交通运输网络，运输工具和手段多种多样。 The United States has complete and convenient transportation network, transportation and means of variety. 2000至2003年产值分别为3137亿、3061亿、3104亿及3178亿美元。 From 2000 to 2003 were 313.7 billion production value, 306.1 billion, 310.4 billion and 317.8 billion U.S. dollars. 与运输业相关的产品和服务约占美经济总量的3%，吸纳了1/8的就业。 And transportation -related products and services accounted for about 3% of the total U.S. economy to absorb the 1 / 8 of the employment. 相较起于其他西方国家，由于汽车产业在美国的发展相当早，美国许多城市的发展都提前顾虑到了将城市和住宅区搭配道路网络的设计。 Compared to other Western countries since, due to the development of automobile industry in the U.S. fairly early, the development of many U.S. cities were ahead of fear to the cities and road network with the design of residential areas. 为了连结广阔的国土，美国设计并建造了高通行量、高速度的高速公路 ，美国的国家交通系统主要便是依赖这些高速公路网。 In order to link the vast territory, the United States to design and build a high-pass volume, high-speed highway , the main U.S. national transportation system is dependent on the highway network. 当中最重要的是州际高速公路系统的建设。 The most important thing is the interstate highway system construction. 这些高速公路在1950年代经由当时的总统德怀特·艾森豪威尔授权建造。 The Highway in the 1950s by the then President Dwight Eisenhower authorized the construction. 根据2004年的数据，美国的公路总长为6,407,637公里，名列世界第一。 According to 2004 data, the United States is 6,407,637 km of road length, ranking first in the world. 大城市里也有建设公共交通的系统，纽约市的地铁网络是当中最大的，也是世界上载客量最为沉重的捷运网络之一。 Big cities have building public transport system, New York City's subway network is among the largest capacity of the world's most heavily transit networks. 而区域铁路和公共汽车网络则延伸至长岛 、纽约州、新泽西州、和康涅狄格州，都成为了世界上载客量最大的交通网之一。 The regional rail and bus networks are extended to Long Island , New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, have become the world's largest transportation network capacity one. 但是普遍而言，美国城市的公共交通相对其他发达国家较为薄弱，人们出行更多的使用私人汽车。 But in general, American cities public transport is relatively weak in other developed countries, people travel more use of private cars. 美国建造了横贯大陆的铁路网络，用以在48个州之间运载货物。 The United States built the transcontinental rail network contact for the carriage of goods between the 48 states. 美国铁路公司（Amtrak）所建造的铁路网也横贯了48个州中的46个，专门用于客运用途。 American Railway Corporation (Amtrak) the construction of the railway network is also running through 48 of 46 states, dedicated to passenger use. 美国的铁路货运系统是世界最繁忙和先进的，且美国的铁路总长度位居世界第一。 U.S. rail freight system is the world's busiest and advanced, and the total length of the United States, the world's highest railway. 然而美国铁路的客运并不如西欧和日本那般发达，部分原因是出自美国国土的辽阔；若要到达数千英里以外的大城市，搭乘飞机会比搭乘铁路还要省时。 However, the U.S. passenger rail is not such as Western Europe and Japan is so advanced, in part because of the vast territory from the United States; to reach the city thousands of miles away, traveling by plane than rail but also save time. 美国政府的分析便认为空中客运是导致客运铁路公司在1970年代接连倒闭的主因。 Analysis of the U.S. government would think that air passenger traffic is passenger rail leading to successive failures in the 1970s, the main reason. 空中运输是长途旅行的更好选择。 Air transport is the better choice for long distance travel. 以乘客量而言，在2004年全世界前30个最繁忙的机场中就有17个位于美国，包括了排名第一的亚特兰大哈兹菲尔德-杰克逊国际机场。 In terms of passenger volume in 2004, the world's top 30 busiest airports in the U.S. there are 17, including top-ranked Atlanta Hartsfield - Jackson International Airport. 以运货量而言，在同一年里，全世界前30个最繁忙的货运机场就有12个在美国，包括了排名第一的孟菲斯国际机场 （MEM）。 In terms of transport volume in the same year, the world's top 30 busiest cargo airport in the United States had 12, including top-ranked Memphis International Airport (MEM). 许多世界上主要的港口也位于美国；最繁忙的是加利福尼亚州的洛杉矶港和长堤港，以及纽约港 ，它们全都是世界上最繁忙的港口。 Many of the world's leading ports in the United States; of the busiest in California's Port of Los Angeles and Long Beach port, and New York Harbor , they are all the world's busiest port. 五大湖区（苏必利尔湖、密歇根湖、伊利湖、休伦湖、安大略湖）也有许多船运交通，每大湖都与密西西比河的河网络广泛连接，河的最下游直通大西洋。 Great Lakes (Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Ontario) also have a lot of shipping traffic, each of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River have a wide network of connections, the most downstream of the river through the Atlantic Ocean. 而第一个连接五大湖与大西洋的伊利运河 （Erie Canal）则促成了美国中西部的快速农业和工业发展，并使得纽约市成为美国的经济中心 。 And the first link the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Erie Canal (Erie Canal) is led to the rapid Midwest agricultural and industrial development, and make New York City as America's economic center . 科学技术 Science and Technology 1969年美国阿波罗11号首次登月 In 1969, the first Apollo 11 moon landing 美国在科学和技术研究，以及技术产品创新方面都是最具影响力的国家之一。 The United States in science and technology research, product innovation and technology is one of the most influential countries. 美国政府一贯认为， 科学技术开支是对国家未来的投资，并以此为准则制定科技政策。 The U.S. government has always believed that science and technology spending is the national investment in the future, and use it as guidelines for developing science and technology policy. 美国科技政策一向重视国防研究与基础研究，前者主要是为了维持军事上的优势，而后者则基于基础研究乃是国家长期发展之本的考虑。 U.S. technology policy attaches great importance to national defense research and basic research, the former is mainly to maintain military superiority, which is based on basic research, but long-term development of the country considered. 人类工业史上许多最重要的发明，包括了轧棉机、 通用零件 、 生产线等都是源自美国，其中工业的生产线尤其重要，它使得工业的大量生产从梦想变为真实。 Many of the most important industry in the history of human inventions, including a cotton gin, general parts , production lines are all from the U.S., where industrial production is particularly important, it allows a large number of industrial production from a dream into reality. 其他重要的发明还包括飞机 、 电灯泡与电话。 The invention also includes other important aircraft , a light bulb and telephone. 美国还在20世纪策划了著名的曼哈顿原子弹计划、 阿波罗登月计划和人类基因组计划 。 The United States also planned the famous 20th century Manhattan Atomic Bomb Project, Apollo moon landing program and the Human Genome Project . 在第二次世界大战时期，美国最早研制出原子弹 ，将人类科技带入原子时代的新纪元。 In the Second World War, the United States developed the first atomic bomb , the human technology into the atomic age in the new era. 冷战开始后，美国最先在太空科学和技术领域取得成功，在太空竞赛中领跑，从而导致了火箭技术、 武器研究、 材料科学和计算机等领域的重大进步，1969年7月，当尼尔·阿姆斯特朗从阿波罗11号飞船中走出，成为踏上月球的第一人时，标志着竞赛达到巅峰。 After the beginning of the Cold War, the United States first in the field of space science and technology to succeed in the space race in the lead, leading to the rocket technology, weapons research, materials science and computer areas of significant progress, in July 1969, when Neil Armstrong from the Apollo 11 spacecraft out of, as set foot on the moon when the first person, marking the contest reached its peak. 美国为计算机与网络发展史上贡献极大，包括二战中发明的计算机、初期的军事化应用，到今日个人电脑发展与革新，美国国防部创办的ARPA网是网络技术的先驱。 The United States for the computer and network development in the history of great contributions, including the invention of the computer during World War II, the militarization of the initial application, to the personal computer development and innovation, the U.S. Department of Defense established the ARPA network is network technology pioneer. 在科学研究方面，美国学者赢得了大量的诺贝尔奖 ，尤其是在生物和医学领域。 In scientific research, a large number of American scholars won the Nobel Prize , especially in biological and medical fields. 美国国家健康研究中心是美国生物医学的聚焦点，并已完成人类基因组计划，使人类对肿瘤 、 阿兹海默症等疾病的治愈研究进入重要阶段。 U.S. National Institutes of Health Biomedical Research Centre is the focal point of the United States and completed the Human Genome Project, to human cancer , Alzheimer's disease and other diseases, research into the important stage of healing. 航空和太空研究的政府机构是美国国家航空航天局 。 Aviation and space research is the government agency the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . 波音公司和洛克希德·马丁公司一类的私营企业也扮演了重要角色。 Boeing and Lockheed Martin for a class of private sector plays an important role. 六、人口结构 6, the population structure 自由女神像:众多移民者对美国的第一印象 Statue of Liberty: the many immigrants to the United States first impression 美国是一个城市化水平极高的国家，约有81%的人口居住在都市及其郊区中（2005年年中数据），而世界城市化水平仅为49% [18] The United States is a very high level of urbanization of countries, about 81% of the population living in urban and rural areas in the (mid-2005 data), and the world level of urbanization was only 49% [18] 。 . 美国的人口重心多年来一直向西南部转移[19] America's population center has been the transfer to the south-west [19] ，其中加利福尼亚州和得克萨斯州目前为美国人口最多的州[20] , In which California and Texas, currently the most populous U.S. state [20] 。 . 2008年，美国每个妇女平均育有2.1个后代[21] In 2008, the average fertility per woman of 2.1 offspring [21] 。 . 尽管如此，美国仍然是工业化国家中人口增长率最高的国家之一。 Nevertheless, the industrialized countries, the United States is still one of the highest rates of population growth. 据联合国预测，2050年美国人口将由现在的3.06亿人激增至4.02亿人。 According to United Nations projections, by 2050 the U.S. population of 306 million people now surged to 402 million people. 城市 City 全美国有大约77%的人口居住于城市地区，其中又有半数以上集中于37座主要的大城市。 Approximately 77% of the nation state population living in urban areas, among which more than half concentrated in 37 major cities. 这些城市也形塑了美国的文化、传统和经济。 These cities have also shaped the American culture, traditions and economy. 在2004年，全美共有251个超过十万人的都市，以及9个超过百万人的大都市，包括了许多重要的全球城市 ，例如纽约市、 洛杉矶和芝加哥。 In 2004, the nation's total of 251 cities over 100,000 people, and nine more than a million people in the city, including many important global cities , such as New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago. 若将市中心外的都会区域也算进去的话，美国有50个超过了百万人的大都会。 If we are outside the downtown area are also enumerated, then the United States more than 50 million people in the city. 此外，美国也是每年世界最佳居住城市评选中，国内城市上榜最多的国家。 In addition, each year the United States is the world's best cities to live selected in most domestic cities Ranking of countries. 排名 Rank 城市 City 市名 City Name 市区人口（2008年） Urban population (2008) 都会区排名 Rank Metro Area （2008年） (2008) 都会区人口 Metropolitan area population 地区 Region 1 1 纽约市 New York City New York City New York City 836.4万 8364000 1 1 1881.9万 18,819,000 东北部 Northeast 2 2 洛杉矶 Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles 383.4万 3834000 2 2 1295.9万 12,959,000 西部 West 3 3 芝加哥 Chicago Chicago Chicago 285.3万 2853000 3 3 950.6万 9506000 中南部 South Central 4 4 休斯敦 Houston Houston Houston 224.2万 2242000 6 6 554.0万 5540000 南部 Southern part 5 5 菲尼克斯 Phoenix Phoenix Phoenix 156.8万 1568000 12 12 404.0万 4040000 西部 West 6 6 费城 Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia 144.8万 1448000 5 5 582.7万 5827000 东北部 Northeast 7 7 圣安东尼奥 San Antonio San Antonio San Antonio 135.1万 1351000 28 28 194.2万 1942000 南部 Southern part 8 8 达拉斯 Dallas Dallas Dallas 127.99万 1279900 4 4 294.1万 2941000 南部 Southern part 9 9 圣迭哥 San Diego San Diego San Diego 127.93万 1279300 17 17 600.4万 6004000 西部 West 10 10 圣何塞 San Jose San Jose San Jose 94.8万 948 000 31 31 178.7万 1787000 西部 West 人口 Population 移民 Immigrant 美国是全球最大的移民国家，每年均有超过100万人移民美国。 The United States is the world's largest nation of immigrants, each year more than 100 million people emigrated to the U.S.. 根据2000年美国人口普查的数据，目前美国每10个人中就有一个人出生在外国，共有2840万人，占美国人口的11%，此外还有1480万人的父母双方出生在外国，1270万人有一方父母是出生在外国，三者加起来共有5600万人具有“外国血统”，占美国总人口的20%，而30年前这个数字是3400万，创了历史最高。 According to the 2000 U.S. Census data, for every 10 people in the U.S. have a person born in a foreign country, a total of 2840 million, accounting for 11% of the U.S. population, in addition to 1480 million people in both parents born in foreign countries, 1270 people have one parent born overseas, the three add up to a total of 5,600 people with "foreign origin", accounting for 20% of the total U.S. population, but 30 years ago the figure was 34 million, the highest record in history. 据美国人口普查局预测，2042年白白种人占美国人口比例将低于半数[22] According to the U.S. Census Bureau predicted that by 2042 the proportion of white-white U.S. population will account for less than half [22] 。 . 目前这些移民或移民的后代主要居住在加利福尼亚州、纽约州、佛罗里达州、得克萨斯州、新泽西州和伊利诺伊州，占总数的70.4%，其中加利福尼亚州人口中25.9%的居民是在外国出生的，纽约州为19.6%。 Currently these immigrants or descendants of immigrants who live mainly in California, New York, Florida, Texas, New Jersey and Illinois, accounting for 70.4%, of which 25.9% of the population of California residents are foreign-born, New York state is 19.6%. 在大城市中，洛杉矶市的外国出生的人口占了29.6%, 纽约市更高达36.7%。 In large cities, Los Angeles foreign-born population accounted for 29.6%, New York City as much as 36.7%. 2007年，美国的种族构成是：白人80.1%、 拉美裔15.1%、非洲裔12.8%、亚裔4.4%、印地安人及阿拉斯加土著民1.0%、夏威夷土著民及太平洋岛民0.2%、两个以上种族（多种族）1.6%。 In 2007, the United States, racial composition was: white 80.1%, Latin Americans 15.1%, 12.8% African American, Asian 4.4%, Indians 1.0% and Alaska Native people, the indigenous people of Hawaii and Pacific Islander 0.2%, two or more races (multiple races) 1.6%. 其中美国黑人、拉美裔和亚裔等少数族裔总人口已达到1.007亿人。 One African American, Hispanic and Asian and other ethnic minority population has reached 100.7 million people. 原住民 Aboriginal 美洲土著居民中的绝大多数为印第安人。 Native American residents of the vast majority of the Indians. 其祖先大约是在4万年前从亚洲渡过白令海峡到达美洲，或通过冰封的海峡陆桥到达。 Their ancestors about 40,000 years ago in Asia through the Bering Strait to reach the Americas, or through the ice of the Strait land bridge to reach. 他们与亚洲同时代的人有某些相同的文化特色，例如用火、驯犬及某些特殊仪式与医疗方法。 Their contemporaries in Asia have some of the same cultural characteristics, such as the use of fire, tame dogs and some of the special ceremony and medical treatment. 考古学和人类学认为印第安人的祖先和中国人有着一样的体质，如在美国有阿塔巴斯干人、阿尔贡金人、 易洛魁人 、 苏人和马斯科基人等。 Archaeology and Anthropology that the ancestors of the Indians and Chinese have the same physical, such as people in the United States Atabasi dry, Argonne Jin, Iroquois , Sioux and Masikeji persons. 大约1万年前，又有另一批亚洲人移居到北美北部，这就是后来的爱斯基摩人。 About 1 million years ago, there is another group of Asians migrated to northern North America, which is later Eskimos. 而最早到美洲的白种人大概是一群喜好冒险的捕渔人维京人，在一千年前曾到过北美东海岸。 The first white people to America's favorite adventure about a group of fishing people Vikings, in a thousand years ago, visited the east coast of North America. 在以后150年中，陆续涌来了许多的殖民者，定居于沿岸地区，其中多来自英国，也有一部分来自法国、德国、荷兰、爱尔兰和其他国家。 The next 150 years, coming one after another many of the colonists, settled in the coastal areas, mostly from Britain, some from France, Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland and other countries. 年龄 Age 2008年，美国全国人口平均年龄为36.7 岁，其中男性35.4岁，女性38.1岁。 In 2008, the U.S. population average age was 36.7 years and 35.4 years for men, women 38.1 years. 全国人口平均寿命78.14岁，其中男性为75.29岁，女性为81. 13岁 。 The national average life expectancy of 78.14 years of age population, including men 75.29 years, female 81. 13 years old . 姓氏 Surname 长期以来，美国使用最多的十大姓氏基本全是盎格鲁-撒克逊姓氏。 Over the years, the United States using the most basic all ten names Anglo - Saxon name. 美国人口普查局统计显示，“ 史密斯 ”仍为美国第一大姓，用这个姓的有230多万人。 U.S. Census Bureau statistics, " Smith "is still most common surname in the United States, with the surname of 230 million. 第二名至第十名依次是约翰逊、 威廉姆斯 、 布朗 、 琼斯 、 米勒 、 戴维斯 、 加西亚 、 罗德里格斯和威尔逊。 Second to tenth followed Johnson, Williams , Brown , Jones , Miller , Davis , Garcia , Rodriguez and Wilson. 其中“加西亚”和“罗德里格斯”这两个拉美姓氏首次进入“十强”。 The "Garcia" and "Rodriguez" Latin name for the first time the two entered a "top ten." 美国十大姓氏的变化反映了美拉丁裔人口猛增的趋势[23] U.S. top ten name change reflects the trend of the U.S. Latino population surge [23] 。 . 教育 Education 始建于1636年的哈佛大学是美国最古老的大学 Harvard University was founded in 1636 is the oldest university in the United States 在美国，教育管理是州或地方政府的责任，而非联邦政府。 In the U.S., education and management is the responsibility of state or local government, not the federal government. 不过， 联邦政府教育部可以通过控制教育基金来施加一定程度的影响。 However, federal control of education funds by the Ministry of Education to impose a certain extent. 学生有法定义务在公立学校接受从幼儿园到12年级的教育；通常，18岁才可以毕业，但是许多州允许16岁以上的学生离校。 Students have a statutory obligation to public schools from Kindergarten through grade 12 education; Typically, 18 years old before they can graduate, but many states allow students to leave school for more than 16 years of age. 除了上公立学校，家长也可以选择在家教育孩子，或送他们去教会或私立学校。 In addition to public schools, parents can also choose to educate their children at home, or send them to the church or private school. 高中毕业后，学生们可以选择上公立或私立大学。 After high school, students can choose to attend public or private. 公立大学从联邦或州政府接受经费，也接受其他管道的资金，但大多数的学生在毕业后仍需偿还学生贷款。 Public universities from receiving federal or state funds, and accept the other channels of funding, but most students still need to repay student loans after graduation. 私立大学的学费通常比公立大学还高。 Private universities than public university tuition is usually even higher. 许多学生会在入学大学和学院前进入职场或军队以赚取学费，美军和许多私人企业也会补贴职员的高等教育学费。 Many university and college students in the school prior to entering the workplace or the military to earn tuition fees, the U.S. military and many private companies will subsidize the tuition fees for higher education staff. 高等教育 Higher Education 美国的大学很多，从360多年前移民美国的清教徒创建全美的第一所大学—— 哈佛大学后，美国的高等教育继承了欧洲古老大学如英国的剑桥大学和牛津大学的传统。 Many universities in the United States, immigrants from 360 years ago, the United States, the Puritans created the nation's first university - Harvard University , the U.S. higher education has inherited the ancient universities in Europe such as Britain's Cambridge University and Oxford University tradition. 发展到今天已有2600多所颁发学士、硕士和博士学位的四年制大学[24] Developed to have awarded more than 2600 bachelors, masters and doctoral degrees four-year college [24] 。 . 而两年制的社区学院则多达3400所。 The two-year community colleges are up to 3400. 这些大学没有固定的形式，有大有小，大的如得克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校有近5万名的学生，小的如加利福尼亚州的深春学院只有26个学生。 The university has no fixed form, some small, some large, such as the University of Texas at Austin has nearly 50,000 students, small as California Institute of the deep spring of only 26 students. 有的大学校园广阔美丽，教学设施齐全，有的大学则设在闹市当中的几所其貌不扬的教学楼里面，校园和周围的市区没有高墙和周围的市区完全融合在一起。 Some bright beautiful campus, teaching facilities, and some universities are located in the busy teaching at several handsome floor inside the campus and surrounding urban areas around the city without walls and completely together. 美国的大学也有着公立和私立之分，有四年和两年之分，有区域性和全国性之分，有专科学院和综合学院之分等等。 U.S. public and private universities also have the points, for four years and two years of points, there are regional and national distinction, there are specialist colleges and University of points and so on. 这些学校完全独立，与哪个政治、教派都没有关系，每个大学的日程表、教纲、教育宗旨，连发给各个教学员工的工资都不一样。 Completely independent of these schools, and what political, sectarian, does not matter, the schedule for each university, teaching classes, educational purposes, and even distributed to teaching staff wages are not the same. 美国的平均教育水准极高，联合国的经济指数调查中将美国的教育水准列为世界第一。 United States, the average education level of high, the United Nations will investigate the economic index as the standard of education in the United States in the world. 目前有7,660万的美国人正在接受教育（从幼儿园直到大学都包括在内）。 There are currently 7,660 million Americans are receiving education (from kindergarten up to university are included). 美国的许多高等院校有非常高的竞争力。 Many American universities have a very high competitiveness. 在世界排名前500名大学中，美国占168所，前20名中，美国占17所。 In the world's top 500 universities in the United States accounted for 168, the top 20, the U.S. accounted for 17. 全美有约3600所大学。 American University about 3600. 而最有名的有六所（哈佛大学、 耶鲁大学 、 普林斯顿大学 、 麻省理工学院 、 斯坦福大学 、 加州理工学院 ），每次的全美或世界大学排名都能进前10名；超过80%的美国诺贝尔奖得主都曾在这六大名校之一学习或工作。 The most famous are six (Harvard University, Yale University , Princeton University , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Stanford University , California Institute of Technology ), each of the nation or the world university rankings into the top 10 all; more than 80 % of American Nobel Prize winners have in the six elite one of the study or work. 哈佛大学的文科 、商科是美国公认最好的；耶鲁大学的法科则是连续多年稳居全美第一；医学是约翰·霍普金斯大学 、 加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校 医学院等； 计算机科学则是卡内基·梅隆大学 （量子通信与计算则以麻省理工学院、普林斯顿大学和斯坦福大学见长）；地质科学与理论物理则属加州理工学院的强项；麻省理工学院则有“世界理工大学之最”的美名。 Harvard University's liberal arts , business is the best U.S. GAAP; Yale University Law School is retaining its position as the nation's No. 1 for many years; medicine at Johns Hopkins University , the University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine , etc.; computer science is the card Neijimeilong University (quantum communication and computing Zeyi Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Princeton University and Stanford University, known for); of Geological Sciences and Institute of Theoretical Physics, belong to the strengths of California; Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a "world University of the most "name. 以上因素使美国成为全球最重要的教育枢纽，每年吸引不少来自世界各地的留学生慕名前来升学。 These factors make the U.S. as the world's most important educational hub, attracts many students from around the world come to see further studies. 其他高等学府还有宾夕法尼亚大学 、 哥伦比亚大学 、 加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校 、 芝加哥大学 、 乔治·华盛顿大学 、 杜克大学 ， 佐治亚理工学院 、 赖斯大学 、 西北大学等。 Other institutions of higher learning are the University of Pennsylvania , Columbia University , the University of California at Berkeley , University of Chicago , George Washington University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Rice University , Northwestern University , etc.. 宗教 Religion 美国建国前的英国殖民地时期，没有宗教自由，当时存在非常严酷的宗教专制法令，对不信仰基督教的人进行歧视、迫害，而且基督宗教各派别控制的地区对其它派别的教徒也实行歧视政策。 The United States before the founding of the British colonial era, no religious freedom, there was a very harsh law of religious tyranny, the people who are not Christian discrimination, persecution, and Christian factions in other areas controlled by factions of Christians also practice a discriminatory policy. 建国后，美国保障宗教自由的权利，政府实行政教分离制度，不支持也不反对任何一种宗教[25] After the founding of the United States to protect freedom of religion rights, secular government to implement the system does not support or oppose any religion [25] 。 . 但宗教在美国政治中相当活跃。 But religion is very active in American politics. 大多数美国总统都宣称是基督教新教信徒，只有建国初期的几位总统是自然神论者，另有一人是天主教徒（美国第35任总统肯尼迪）。 Most U.S. presidents have claimed to be Christian Protestant believers, and only a few early days of President Deism who is Catholic and another one (the first U.S. president John F. Kennedy 35). 全国51.3%的居民信奉基督教新教 ，信奉其他宗教人口比例为天主教 （23.9%）、 摩门教 （1.7%）、其他基督教（1.6%）、 犹太教 （1.7%）、 佛教 （0.7%）、 伊斯兰教 （0.6%）、其他宗教（2.5%），不属于任何教派的占4%（2007年，美国中央情报局） [10] 51.3% of residents believe the country Protestant , the proportion of other religions to Catholicism (23.9%), Mormon (1.7%), other Christian (1.6%), Judaism (1.7%), Buddhist (0.7%), Islam (0.6%), other religions (2.5%), does not belong to any sect 4% (2007 CIA) [10] 。 . 社会福利 Social Welfare 美国社会安全福利制度创立于1935年 。 U.S. social security benefits system was established in 1935 . 由美国联邦政府卫生教育福利部主持。 By the U.S. federal government auspices of the Ministry of Health Education and Welfare. 50多年来，这一制度已为美国人广泛接受，并成为人们生活中的一个重要组成部分。 50 years, this system has been widely accepted as Americans and as people's lives is an important component. 美国的社会福利分为社会保险和非社会保险两种。 U.S. social welfare into social insurance and social insurance are two non-. 属于社会保险福利项目的有：老残保险、失业保险和其他就业保险；属于非社会保险福利项目的有：对抚养儿童困难家庭的补助、 社会保障收入、食品券、医疗补助、住房补助和能源补助。 Items belonging to the social insurance benefits are: Lao insurance, unemployment insurance and other employment insurance; is non-social security benefits the project are: difficulties in raising children, family benefits, social security income, food stamps, Medicaid, housing subsidies and energy subsidies . 该制度自创立以来，历经多次改革，内容得到不断补充和更新。 The system since its inception, after many reforms, the contents are constantly added and updated. 这制度草创之初，仅限于保障部分工商界蓝领工人及其家属的利益，1939年增加规定，劳动者如死亡，其遗属可以领取社会安全金；劳动者退休后，依靠其抚养的家属也可以领取社会安全金。 This system of grassroots beginning, only part of the business sector to protect blue-collar workers and their families in the interests of the increased provisions in 1939, workers such as death, their dependents can receive social security payments; workers after retirement, relying on the support of family members can receive social security payments. 目前每个月从政府福利单位领取福利金的人约有3400余万人。 The current month from the government for welfare of people receiving welfare payments are about 3400 million people. 它的保障范围较广，包括医疗服务 、残废保险、退休及残疾人子女教育补助金、社会安全福利金、失业救济金以及对低收人家庭子女的津贴、对失业者的工作训练补助以及学童营养等。 Its broader coverage, including health care , disability insurance, retirement benefits and the disabled children's education, social security benefits, unemployment benefits and low-income families on the children's allowance, job training subsidies for the unemployed and students nutrition. 医疗卫生 Health 美国医疗条件总体水平较高，设施完善，提供医疗的机构主要有医院、医生诊所、护理院、康复中心、独立的诊断中心和药房等。 The higher the overall level of U.S. medical conditions, facilities, provision of medical institutions mainly hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, rehabilitation centers, independent diagnostic centers and pharmacies. 近60%的医生拥有自己的诊所。 Nearly 60% of the doctors have their own clinics. 医生诊所门诊量由于其规模小、数量多、分布广，病人就医方便。 Medical clinic outpatients because of its small size and number, widely distributed, to facilitate medical treatment. 在美国买药要去药房购买，有些超级市场和折扣商店内也设有药房。 In the United States to go to pharmacies to buy medicines, and some supermarkets and discount stores also have pharmacies. 合法购买处方药必须有医生开的处方。 Legally buy prescription drugs must have doctor's prescription. 医疗保险组织对医院的制约度很大，它严格规定了医疗费用偿付标准，建立了整套衡量医疗资源是否合理使用的评价标准。 Health insurance organizations, the constraints on the degree of a great hospital, it provides strict standards of medical expenses paid, to establish a comprehensive set of medical resources to measure the reasonableness of the use of evaluation criteria. 由于住院费用昂贵， 保险公司为控制医疗费用，致力于降低病人住院天数，要求病人在急性病医院（Acute Hospitalor Short-term Hospital）经过治疗（平均住院5-7天）进入恢复期后，即转到费用相对低廉的护理院 （SNFs）或家庭护理中心（Familycarecenter），或者直接在医生诊所随诊。 As the high cost of hospitalization, the insurance company to control health care costs, efforts to reduce hospital stay, requires patients to acute hospitals (Acute Hospitalor Short-term Hospital) after treatment (average length of stay 5-7 days) into the recovery period after that to relatively low cost of nursing homes (SNFs) or family care centers (Familycarecenter), or directly in the doctor's office followed up. 七、文化艺术 VII, arts and culture 好莱坞:主宰世界的电影工业基地 Hollywood: the film industry base to dominate the world 请参见词条“ 美国文化 ”。 Please see the term " American culture . " 文化与自然遗产 Cultural and Natural Heritage 美国丰富的自然资源和多样的民族文化使它成为极具吸引力的旅游国家。 United States rich in natural resources and diverse culture make it a very attractive tourist country. 在大平原的西部大山区，有著名的大峡谷国家公园和黄石国家公园；靠太平洋的西海岸地区有风光绮旎、阳光灿烂的加利福尼亚州，旧金山和洛杉矶就位于此。 In the Great Plains of the western mountains, the famous Grand Canyon National Park and Yellowstone National Park; the west coast of the Pacific region by Jennifer laying beautiful, sunny California, San Francisco and Los Angeles on in this. 在北部近加拿大边界附近，有著名的五大湖游览区，其中最壮观的景点是尼亚加拉大瀑布 。 In the north near the Canadian border near the famous Great Lakes resort, one of the most spectacular sights is the Niagara Falls . 此外，位于美国西面太平洋上的夏威夷群岛也是全球闻名的度假胜地。 In addition, in the United States west of the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean is the world-famous resort. 还有适于冒险者的科罗拉多大峡谷 。 There are appropriate for adventurers of the Grand Canyon . 此外， 大沼泽地国家公园 、 大雾山国家公园 、 克卢恩和兰格尔—圣伊莱亚斯诸公园 、 马默斯洞穴国家公园 、 奥林匹克国家公园 、霍德伍德公园、 独立大厅 、 弗德台地国家公园 、卡霍基亚墩群遗址、 自由女神像 、 约塞米蒂国家公园 、 查科国家历史公园 、蒙蒂塞洛和弗吉尼亚大学 、 夏威夷火山国家公园等也是美国重要的文化与自然遗产。 In addition, the Everglades National Park , Great Smoky Mountains National Park , Kluane and Wrangell - Saint Elias Zhu Park , Mammoth Cave National Park , Olympic National Park , Huodewude Park, Independence Hall , Frederick de mesa national park , cahokia pier group sites, the Statue of Liberty , Yosemite National Park , Chaco National Historical Park , Monticello and the University of Virginia , Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is the United States and other important cultural and natural heritage. 音乐 Music 美国音乐的历史可以追溯至早期美国原住民的传统宗教音乐，随著大量欧洲国家移民的到来，替美国音乐增添了基督教合唱、音乐乐谱的的色彩。 American music history can be traced back to early Native American tradition of religious music, with a large number of European countries, the arrival of immigrants, for the United States added a Christian choral music, music scores of the color. 之后的每波移民潮都带来了不同地区、不同文化和特色的音乐。 Each wave of migration after all bring different areas, different cultures and characteristics of the music. 大量的非裔美国人也带来了具有非洲特色的传统音乐，19世纪后期开始浮现的美国流行音乐很大一部分都是源自这些非裔美国人的布鲁斯 ，以及1920年代开始发展的福音音乐 。 Also brought a large number of African Americans with African features traditional music, began to surface in the late 19th century a large part of American popular music are from the African-American blues , and 1920s the development of gospel music . 非裔美国人音乐成为了美国流行音乐的根基，混合了欧洲与土著的音乐成分。 African American music into the American popular music 's roots, mixed European and indigenous music composition. 美国也有大量的民间音乐以及来自乌克兰 、爱尔兰、 苏格兰 、 波兰 、墨西哥和犹太人等移民的音乐。 The United States also has a lot of folk music as well as from Ukraine , Ireland, Scotland , Poland , Mexico and the Jews and other immigrants of the music. 许多美国城市和乡镇也都发展出独立的地区音乐。 Many American cities and towns have also developed independent of regional music. 文学 Literature 在最早的殖民时期， 美国文学主要的题材是赞扬新大陆替殖民者和欧洲母国所带来的利益。 In the early colonial period, American literature the main theme is a tribute to the New World colonists and European home countries for the benefits. 宗教信仰上的争议也是题材之一。 Controversy on the subject religion is one. 随著革命战争的爆发和美国的独立， 本杰明·富兰克林和托马斯·潘恩等人写下的政治著作在文学和作家如爱伦·坡等人逐渐崭露头角。 With the outbreak of the revolutionary war and the independence of the United States, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine , who wrote the book in the literary and political writers such as Edgar Allan Poe and others populations. 奴隶制度的冲突和接踵而来的内战也对美国文学有深刻影响，到了19世纪末，由于工业化的进展和国土开拓时期的结束，美国文学脱离了原先的边境文学， 马克·吐温成为第一个不在东海岸出生的主要作家，开启美国本土文学之先河。 Slavery and the ensuing civil war, the conflict also have a profound impact on American literature, to the late 19th century, due to the progress of industrialization and the land to open up the end of the period, American literature from the original border literature, Mark Twain became the first not East Coast-born main author of the first of its kind to open the U.S. domestic literature. 进入了20世纪，工业化带来的社会转变使美国文学发展的更为多元和复杂。 Into the 20th century, industrialization brought social changes to the development of American literature is more diverse and complex. 海明威反映了人们对第一次世界大战的厌恶情绪。 Hemingway World War I reflected the people's disgust. 1925年费滋杰罗出版《 大亨小传 》代表着20年代经济大恐慌前美国人的迷梦。 Published in 1925 Feizijieluo " Gatsby "represented the Great Depression 20 years before the American dream. 黑人文学、南部文学、以及现代文学也在同时期兴起。 Black literature, Southern literature, and modern literature are also on the rise. 在第二次世界大战后，新的世代、和新的种族、地区、社会特征都与之前的世代大不相同，大量的移民文学和新兴的女性主义文学也成为美国文学的一部分了。 After World War II, the new generation, and the new race, region, social characteristics are different from the previous generation, a large number of immigrant literature and the emerging feminist literature has become part of American literature. 影视戏剧 Television Drama 电影的发展主要源自美国，同时也是世界上电视技术发展和普及最早的国家之一。 The development of the film mainly from the United States, but also the world's television technology development and diffusion of one of the earliest countries. 英国出生的美国摄影师爱德沃德·迈布里奇（Eadweard Muybridge）拍下了人类史上第一部电影奔跑的马匹。 British-born American photographer爱德沃德迈布Ridge (Eadweard Muybridge) captured the first film in human history to run the horses. 自从那时开始，美国的电影产业便开始高速发展，加利福尼亚州的好莱坞成为人类电影发展的重镇，绝大多数电影技术的创新和发展都是源于好莱坞，好莱坞电影也成为美国文化的主要代表之一。 Since then, the U.S. film industry began rapid development, California's Hollywood become center for human development of the film, most film technology innovation and development are from Hollywood, and Hollywood movies became the main representative of American culture 1. 在1920年代，美国每年平均产出高达800部正规电影， 查理·卓别林的喜剧、依据小说飘改编的《 乱世佳人 》、创下史无前例票房的《 泰坦尼克号 》、《 超人 》、《 蝙蝠侠 》、《 阿凡达 》等电影流传至几乎每个大陆和国家，成为家喻户晓的美国象征。 In the 1920s, the United States the average annual output of up to 800 regular movies, Charlie Chaplin 's comedy, based on novel adaptation of Gone with the Wind " Gone with the Wind ", an unprecedented box office hit" Titanic , "" Superman , "" Bat Xia , "" Avatar "and other films spread to almost every continent and country, to become well-known symbol of the United States. 这些电影的出口也使美国获取了巨大的经济利润。 Exports of these films for the United States huge economic profits. 除了电影之外，由迪士尼开创的卡通技术也是源自美国。 Apart from film, from Walt Disney created the cartoon technology is also from the United States. 体育运动 Sports 运动是美国全国性的休闲活动，其受欢迎的程度是其他休闲活动都无法相比的。 Movement in the United States national leisure activities, the popularity of other leisure activities can not be compared. 职业运动在美国是商机极大的领域，选择成为职业运动员的人也获得极高的报酬。 Opportunities for professional sports in the United States is a great field, choose to become professional athletes who have received high pay. 世界上收入最高的运动团队和运动员绝大多数都是在美国。 The world's highest-paid sports teams and athletes mostly in the United States. 被称为“四巨头”的运动领域包括了棒球 、橄榄球（ 美式足球 ）、 冰上曲棍球 、和篮球 ，分别有享誉世界的联盟，如美国职棒大联盟 （MLB）、 美国橄榄球大联盟 （NFL)和全美职业篮球联赛 (NBA)，尤其是NBA的影响力最大，目前中国已有5位球员在NBA的舞台上出现过。 Known as the "Big Four" of the sport including baseball , football ( American football ), ice hockey , and basketball , respectively, world-renowned Union, such as Major League Baseball (MLB), the United States Football League ( NFL) and National Basketball Association (NBA), especially the NBA's greatest influence, China currently has five players in the NBA appeared on the stage. 其他受欢迎的运动还包括赛车和长曲棍球 —那是源自于美洲原住民的运动，也是美国最古老的运动。 Other popular sports include racing and long hockey - it is derived from the Native American movement, is America's oldest sport. 虽然足球也是受欢迎的运动，但足球在美国的普及度并不高。 Although soccer is also a popular sport, but football's popularity in the United States is not high. 虽然足球在美国的普及度并不高，但2009年联合会杯，美国队打败西班牙，令后者25场不败作古，送给了2009年西班牙队唯一的失利，最终美国队夺得亚军。 Although the popularity of soccer in the United States is not high, but the 2009 Confederations Cup, the U.S. team beat Spain, so that the latter passed away 25-match unbeaten run, gave the Spanish team's only 2009 loss, the final U.S. team won the runner-up . 新闻出版 News Publishing 美国报业系统庞大，2004年全国发行量最大的十家英文日报如下：《 今日美国 》、《 华尔街日报 》、《 纽约时报 》、《 洛杉矶时报 》、《 华盛顿邮报 》、《 纽约每日新闻 》、《 纽约邮报 》、《 芝加哥论坛报 》、《 每日新闻 》和《休斯敦纪事》。 U.S. Newspaper huge systems, in 2004 the country's largest-circulation English language daily 10 as follows: " USA Today "," the Wall Street Journal , "" New York Times , "" Los Angeles Times , "" Washington Post "," New York each Day News "," New York Post , "" Chicago Tribune "," Daily News "and" Houston Chronicle. " 美国最有影响的三大报纸为《纽约时报》、《洛杉矶时报》和《华盛顿邮报》。 Three of America's most influential newspapers, the "New York Times," "Los Angeles Times" and "Washington Post." 美联社是美国最大的通讯社 ， 合众国际社是美国第二大通讯社。 AP is the largest news agency , Associated Press second-largest U.S. agency. 美国有电视台 1000多家，其中商业电视台约960家，教育电视台约320家；有线电视网7900余家。 U.S. television more than 1,000, of which approximately 960 commercial television stations, educational television station about 320; cable networks more than 7900. 全国共有广播电台8807家，对外广播电台19家。 Total of 8807 radio stations, 19 radio stations overseas. 最大的两家对外广播机构为美国之音和美国广播电视网，均属官方电台。 Two largest overseas broadcaster Voice of America and the United States broadcast television networks, are the official radio station. 美国最大的几家全国性广播网是全国广播公司 （NBC）、 哥伦比亚广播公司 （CBS）、 美国广播公司 （ABC）、有线新闻广播公司（CNN）和福克斯 （FOX）等。 Several of the largest U.S. national broadcast networks are NBC (NBC), CBS (CBS), American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), CNN (CNN) and Fox (FOX) and so on. 节日 Festival 美国节日 ，有美国联邦政府法定假日和其他节日之分。 U.S. holiday , there are federal statutory holidays and other festivals of the min. 1971年生效的美国统一假期法案（Uniform Monday Holiday Act）对美国节假日有了比较一致的规定。 1971, the Uniform Holiday Act in force (Uniform Monday Holiday Act) on U.S. holidays, compared with the same requirements. 美国联邦政府雇员一般无需在联邦法定假日上班。 U.S. federal government employees generally do not need to work at the federal statutory holidays. 美国一些州或地方政府、公立学校大多将联邦假日作为雇员休息日。 U.S. states or local governments, public schools are mostly employees of the federal holiday as a day off. 私人企业、公司则往往有选择地将某些联邦假日作为休息日。 Private enterprises, companies often choose to be some federal holidays as days of rest. 法定假日 [10] Statutory holidays [10] 元旦 （New Year's Day）—— 1月1日 New Year's Day (New Year's Day) - 1月1日 马丁·路德·金日 （Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.）——1月第三个星期一 Martin Luther King Day (Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.) - 1 third Monday 华盛顿诞辰日 （Washington's Birthday）——2月第三个星期一 Washington's Birthday (Washington's Birthday) - 2 third Monday 美国阵亡将士纪念日 （Memorial Day）——5月最后一个星期一 U.S. Memorial Day (Memorial Day) - 5 on the last Monday of 美国独立日（Independence Day）——7月4日 American Independence Day (Independence Day) - 7 月 4 日 劳动节 （Labor Day）——9月第一个星期一 May Day (Labor Day) - 9 first Monday 哥伦布日 （Columbus Day）——10月第二个星期一 Columbus Day (Columbus Day) - 10 on the second Monday 退伍军人节 （Veterans Day）——11月11日 Veterans Day (Veterans Day) - 11月11日 感恩节 （Thanksgiving Day）——11月第四个星期四 Thanksgiving Day (Thanksgiving Day) - 11 fourth Thursday 圣诞节 （Christmas Day）—— 12月25日 Christmas (Christmas Day) - 12月25日